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Query: UMLS:C0038454 (stroke)
 147,016 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. 2-Ethyl-3-(4-gamma-di-n-butylaminopropoxy-benzoyl)-indolizine hydrochloride (L 9394) induced in the ananesthetized dog a marked and long-lasting decrease in heart rate together with a transient reduction in blood pressure. 2. L 9394 decreased Robinson's index, an effect which suggests that the substance reduces the oxygen requirements of the heart. 3. L 9394 markedly increased coronary arterial blood flow. 4. L 9394 is endowed with non-competitive antiadrenergic properties. 5. L 9394 did not impair cardiac function since cardiac output and stroke volume increased appreciably during the initial phase of action and did not fall below the control values at any time thereafter. 6. The overall haemodynamic properties of L 9394, which were similar to those of amiodarone, are considered to be potentially valuable for the long-term treatment of angina pectoris.
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PMID:Amiodarone-like haemodynamic and non-competitive antiadrenergic properties of a benzoyl-indolizine. 2 Jan 16

Direct measurements of myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) and of a number of hemodynamic variables were performed in 60 patients with coronary heart disease undergoing three-vessel coronary artery bypass surgery. Anesthetic procedures included halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, propofol fentanyl, midazolam/fentanyl, and morphine anesthesia. The following hemodynamic variables were correlated with MVO2: systolic pressure (Psyst), mean arterial pressure (Part), heart rate (HR), cardiac index (CI), stroke volume index (SVI) and arithmetic combined variables: Psyst x square root (HR), Part x square root (HR), Psyst x HR, Part x HR, Psyst x HR x ta(ejection time), Part x HR x ta, Psyst x CI, Part x CI. The product of Psyst x square root (HR) is equivalent to the tension/time index as modified by Bretschneider and the product Psyst x HR x ta is equivalent to the tension/time index of Sarnoff as modified by Robinson. Production and uptake of lactate as metabolic equivalents of myocardial oxygenation were also correlated with myocardial oxygen consumption. Measurements were performed with the patients awake, after induction of anesthesia without surgical stimulation, during sternotomy and after the operation. We obtained 209 evaluable measurements (MVO2 vs hemodynamic variables). The single hemodynamic variables that correlated best with MVO2 was systolic pressure (r = 0.67). Stroke volume index (r = 0.1) and heart rate (r = 0.32) were poorly correlated. The combined hemodynamic variables that correlated most closely with MVO2 were the tension/time indices modified by Bretschneider (Psyst x square root (HR)) and Robinson (Psyst x HR x ta) (r = 0.72). Production and consumption of lactate were not correlated with myocardial oxygen consumption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Hemodynamic parameters in the evaluation of myocardial oxygen consumption during anesthesia]. 195 47

This report is of a two year study of stroke rehabilitation. Given certain conditions with specialized personnel and equipment the rehabilitation of elderly stroke patients can be managed co-operatively in hospitals and old age care centres. The rehabilitation of stroke affected is based on the support of multidisciplinary diagnosis and interdisciplinary teamwork between physicians, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, psychologists and social workers. Each patient requires an individual treatment program. In this study were 72 patients ranging in age from 42-87 years, average age 73 years. They had been judged as progressively degenerative and helpless following their stroke and consequently regarded as patients for a nursing home. Following special rehabilitation treatment 75% (54 patients) had improved enough that it was possible for them to return to their homes. Only 12.5% (9 patients) had to remain in a nursing home. 6.6% (4 patients) transferred to an old people's home. 6.9% (9 patients) were readmitted to hospital because of additional serious complications. The average duration of rehabilitative treatment was 72.3 days. The degree of hemiplegia and the patients ability to lead their own active daily independent life was reviewed before and after rehabilitation and used as control. 76.6% showed an improvement in their motor function. 61.1% returned to their own independent daily life as measured by ADL-Indices. (a. Barthel Index, b. ADL-Index-Katz-, c. Patient Classification for Long Term Care-Jones-, d. Crichton Royal Behavioural Rating Scale-Robinson-.).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Rehabilitative treatment of cerebral apoplectic insults in advanced age and evaluating its effectiveness--results of a model project]. 648 81

The in-vitro pharmacological properties of (2,3-dioxo-7-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-quinoxal inyl)-acetic acid monohydrate, YM872, a novel and highly water-soluble alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA)-receptor antagonist were investigated. YM872 is highly water soluble (83 mg mL(-1) in Britton-Robinson buffer) compared with 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulphamoyl-benzo(F)quinoxaline (NBQX), 6-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3(1H,4H)-quinoxalinedione hydrochloride (YM90K) or 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). YM872 potently inhibits [3H]AMPA binding with a Ki (apparent equilibrium dissociation constant) value of 0.096 +/- 0.0024 microM. However, YM872 had very low affinity for other ionotropic glutamate receptors, as measured by competition with [3H]kainate (high-affinity kainate binding site, concentration resulting in half the maximum inhibition (IC50) = 4.6 +/- 0.14 microM), [3H]glutamate (N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor glutamate binding site, IC50 > 100 microM) and [3H]glycine (NMDA receptor glycine-binding site, IC50 > 100 microM). YM872 competitively antagonized kainate-induced currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes which express rat AMPA receptors, with a pA2 value of 6.97 +/- 0.01. In rat hippocampal primary cultures, YM872 blocked a 20-microM AMPA-induced increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration with an IC50 value of 0.82 +/- 0.031 microM, and blocked 300-microM kainate-induced neurotoxicity with an IC50 value of 1.02 microM. These results show that YM872 is a potent and highly water-soluble AMPA antagonist with great potential for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as stroke.
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PMID:In-vitro characterization of YM872, a selective, potent and highly water-soluble alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate receptor antagonist. 972 Jun 30

Transient cerebral ischemia (5 min) releases unesterified fatty acids from membrane phospholipids, increasing brain concentrations of fatty acids for up to 1 h following reperfusion. To understand the reported anti-ischemic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), we monitored its effect on brain fatty acid reincorporation in a gerbil-stroke model. Both common carotid arteries in awake gerbils were occluded for 5 min, followed by 5 min of reperfusion. Animals were infused intravenously with labeled arachidonic (AA) or palmitic acid (Pam), and rates of incorporation of unlabeled fatty acid from the brian acyl-CoA pool were calculated by the model of Robinson et al. (1992), using quantitative autoradiography and biochemical analysis of brain acyl-CoA. Animals were treated for 14 d with 50 or 150 mg/kg/d EGb 761 or vehicle. Ischemia-reperfusion had no effect on the rate of unlabeled Pam incorporation into brain phospholipids from palmitoyl-CoA; this rate also was unaffected by EGb 761. In contrast, ischemia-reperfusion increased the rate of incorporation of unlabeled AA from brain arachidonoyl-CoA by a factor of 2.3-3.3 compared with the control rate; this factor was further augmented to 3.6-5.0 by pretreatment with EGb 761. There is selective reincorporation of AA compared with Pam into brain phospholipids following ischemia. EGb 761 further accelerates AA reincorporation, potentially reducing neurotoxic effects of prolonged exposure of brain to high concentrations of AA and its metabolites.
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PMID:Effects of EGb 761 on fatty acid reincorporation during reperfusion following ischemia in the brain of the awake gerbil. 977 47

Many studies pointed out that in the elderly depression is underdiagnosed, probably due to the uncharacteristic psychopathologic symptoms. Often elder people complain about somatic disorders and cognitive impairment, sometimes covering the psychopathologic symptoms and hampering diagnostic classification. Cerebrovascular disorders has been considered to be one major cause for depressive mood in the elderly. In a recent paper Alexopoulos et al. (1997) proposed the concept of vascular depression (VD) which is different from that of post-stroke depression established by the group of Robinson and Starkstein. The new concept is critically reviewed with regard of its clinical feasibility. In contrast to the ICD-10 guidelines the vascular depression concept requires no connection between the occurrence of psychopathology and of cerebrovascular disorder. Therefore it appears to be more feasible in clinical practice. However, a differentiation of vascular depression into two subtypes according to the CT/MRI findings seems to be more promising: type I (macroangiopathy) is similar to post-stroke-depression, while type II is characterized by microangiopathy and its clinical description resembles that for vascular depression of Alexopoulos et al. Up to now possible therapeutic consequences have not been investigated. Moreover, the concept of vascular depression basing only on two clinical studies needs further confirmation.
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PMID:[Vascular depression--a new concise concept?]. 1044 43

In an ALS Clinic, use of the Pathological Laughter and Crying Scale of Robinson et al. [Robinson RG, Parikh RM, Lipsey JR, Starkstein SE, Price TR. Pathological laughter and crying following stroke: validation of a measurement scale and double-blind treatment study. American Journal of Psychiatry 1993;150(2):286-293] revealed several problems: reliance on self-rating, insufficient period of assessment, inadequate exploration of 'appropriateness of emotion', lack of an item for abnormal smiling, amusement rather than happiness being the cause of laughter in ALS, and a frequency-based rating system. The necessary modifications produced a new Emotional Lability Questionnaire (ELQ) that was tested in 43 ALS patients and 43 healthy controls. The self-rated version of the ELQ was administered as a structured interview to each participant, and the independent-relationship between subscales of the ELQ for both versions, thus confirming its internal validity. Greater emotional lability appeared associated with pseudobulbar symptoms. The question why 14 patients rated themselves as severely labile in the crying domain alone and four in the laughter domain alone, required further study.
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PMID:The emotional lability questionnaire: a new measure of emotional lability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 1054 3

A novel concept is described, according to which both neurons and astrocytes are capable of metabolizing glucose all the way to CO(2) and water, but in addition interact metabolically in a process generating glutamate from glucose, and subsequently, metabolizing excess glutamate to CO(2) and water Hertz, L., Dringen, R., Schousboe, A., Robinson, S.R., 1999. Astrocytes: Glutamate producers for neurons (Journal of Neuroscience Research 57, 417-428). The proposed metabolic degradation of glucose via glutamate serves the purpose of adjusting transmitter pools of glutamate to the demands for glutamatergic transmission, and it must account for a major fraction of glucose utilization. Evidence in favor of this concept is presented and a multitude of in vivo data are interpreted in the context of metabolic trafficking between neurons and astrocytes. In addition, intracellular trafficking occurs between cytosol and mitochondria during synthesis of transmitter glutamate, partly explaining a robust quantitative correlation between glutamine synthesis, as a measure of release of transmitter glutamate, and glucose utilization, reported by several authors. Both intracellular and intercellular metabolic trafficking may be affected during pathological conditions, as evidenced by effects of hyperammonemia (mimicking hepatic encephalopathy) and energy deprivation (mimicking stroke). It is suggested that neuronal-astrocytic interactions may also be impaired during degenerative dementing diseases.
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PMID:Neuronal-astrocytic and cytosolic-mitochondrial metabolite trafficking during brain activation, hyperammonemia and energy deprivation. 1081 94

The optimum management of nutrient solution in soilless culture needs the accurate control of nutrient solution, especially in recycled soilless culture system. To keep the electrical conductivity (EC) of nutrient solution within the adequate range after application of combined fertilizers, theoretically derived EC prediction methods are required. In this study, the experimental EC prediction equation, an extended form of the Robinson and Stroke's theoretical equation only available for a binary electrolyte, was developed for predicting the EC of the nutrient solution containing many kinds of inorganic compounds. And the multilayer perceptron consisting of three layers with the back propagation learning algorithm was developed for EC prediction. It consists of nine variables in the input layer for the concentrations of seven macro elements, Na+ and Cl, and one variable in the output layer for the EC of nutrient solution. The predicted ECs by experimental model as well as neural networks for the nutrient solution were compared to the measured ones and showed good agreements.
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PMID:Experimental model and neural network based electrical conductivity estimation in soilless culture system. 1154 80

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a very frequent and important consequence of stroke, but, in spite of the high number of papers aiming to clarify various aspects of this disorder, controversies about its incidence, its (biological or psychological) determinants, its consequences and its treatment still persist. In the present survey we have taken separately into account each of these issues, starting from a critical discussion of the main factors which can affect the estimates of the incidence of PSD. We have then surveyed and updated the debate between proponents of a neuroanatomical and a psychological interpretation of PSD. Our conclusions have been that the most recent evidence does not support Robinson's influential neuroanatomical model, assuming that a left frontal stroke could provoke a major PSD, indistinguishable from the functional forms of major depression. In the section devoted to the consequences of PSD, we have particularly taken into account the problem of the deleterious influence that PSD could have on functional recovery. The available evidence does not allow us to conclude if an improvement of PSD also leads to an improvement of the patient's functional status. As for the therapy of PSD, a pharmacological treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors has proven effective and safe, whereas psychological methods of treatment of patients and their families have not yet given conclusive results.
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PMID:Determinants and consequences of post-stroke depression. 1179 55


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