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Query: UMLS:C0038454 (stroke)
 147,016 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a comparative study of the performance of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), aphasia resulting from stroke, and normal elders on a variety of neuropsychological tasks, 3 aphasic patients performed similarly to AD patients in the delayed recall of verbal material. The memory deficit of these aphasic patients raised the question of incipient dementia because memory impairment is the hallmark characteristic of AD. However, when the performance profiles of the aphasic patients on all four memory measures administered in the study were compared to those of AD patients, differences made the presence of dementia unlikely. Nonetheless, the possibility remained that a deficit in delayed free recall might be the primordial symptom of dementia. Therefore, the four memory tasks were readministered to the 3 aphasic patients 2 years later, and intergroup performance comparisons again were made. The performance profiles of the aphasic patients obtained 2 years later were superior to and distinct from the AD patients, confirming the absence of dementia at Test Time 1.
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PMID:Delayed recall deficits in aphasic stroke patients: evidence of Alzheimer's dementia? 169 4

Spontaneous drawings of 38 patients, diagnosed by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria as "probable Alzheimer's disease," and of 39 normal control subjects were analyzed by two independent observers using a standardized scoring system. Drawings of patients with Alzheimer's disease displayed fewer angles, impaired perspective and spatial relations, simplification, and overall impairment compared with those of the control subjects. This represents a combination of the deficits seen following right- and left-hemisphere lesions. Neglect, tremor, and perseveration were not prominent. Drawing impairment was relatively independent of language or memory impairment, but drawing performance was related to perceptual and executive dysfunction in the visuospatial domain. Deterioration was followed up for up to 3 years.
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PMID:On drawing impairment in Alzheimer's disease. 198 29

The study of 3 personal cases and 5 published cases of unilateral infarct limited to the territory of the tuberothalamic artery suggests that this syndrome should be differentiated from the other thalamic syndromes. The onset is usually sudden, with moderate contralateral weakness. Sensory changes may be present but remain mild. The patients are apathetic, show perseveration and may be disoriented. In left-sided infarcts, transcortical aphasia, verbal and visual memory impairment and sometimes acalculia are found. In right-sided infarcts, hemispatial neglect, visual memory impairment and disturbed visuospatial processing are common. A decreased level of consciousness, disturbed ocular movements, severe motor weakness and delayed abnormal movements do not occur. Involvement of the ventral lateral and dorsomedial nucleus with sparing of the intralaminar nuclei, posterolateral formation and upper midbrain may explain this picture. The fact that the tuberothalamic artery arises from the posterior communicating artery, which often receives its supply from the carotid system, further justifies considering unilateral tuberothalamic infarcts as a syndrome.
Stroke
PMID:The syndrome of unilateral tuberothalamic artery territory infarction. 242 53

Rats exposed to 30 minutes of four-vessel occlusion reliably develop severe bilateral CA1 hippocampal injury; under certain conditions of radial maze training, such rats perform the reference memory component as well as controls yet perform the working memory component worse than controls. Reference memory is thought to depend on invariable and working memory on variable spatial information. We assessed the effect of training before ischemia. In Experiment 1, rats trained for 36 trials on 12-arm radial mazes before ischemia demonstrated a persistent impairment on the working memory task but eventually performed the reference memory task comparable to controls. Ischemic rats made more working memory errors as the number of choices increased. This pattern of working memory errors was similar to that in controls except, as expected, ischemic rats made many more errors. In Experiment 2, training for 80 trials before ischemia in rats decreased the severity of both the working and the reference memory impairment. Ischemia did not affect motor behavior in either experiment. These results characterize the working memory deficit in ischemic rats and demonstrate the importance of experimental factors, particularly in the design of treatment strategies to reduce functional impairments caused by ischemia.
Stroke 1989 Dec
PMID:Preoperative training modifies radial maze performance in rats with ischemic hippocampal injury. 259 33

We investigated the relations of brain edema, ion shifts, motor performance, and memory impairment using a focal ischemia model in rats. Cortical infarction was produced by ligation of the middle cerebral artery and the ipsilateral common carotid artery combined with temporary occlusion of the contralateral common carotid artery for 1 hour. Water content and sodium, potassium, and calcium concentrations were measured until Day 14 after the ischemic insult. Significant edema formation was observed; it peaked on Day 3 (p less than 0.001) and then declined. The tissue sodium concentration changed in a manner similar to that of water content, but the tissue potassium concentration changed in an opposite fashion. Massive accumulation of calcium was detected as early as Day 1 after ischemia (almost four times the normal level). The increased calcium concentration was sustained even up to Day 14. Motor performance examinations performed on Day 3, including inclined plane, balance beam, and prehensile tests, demonstrated significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) motor ability that did recover even by Day 7. Passive avoidance learning was carried out on Day 2, followed by a memory retention test on Day 3. Significant memory dysfunction was observed in ischemic compared with sham-operated rats (p less than 0.001). A high correlation coefficient (r = 0.91, p less than 0.01, n = 13) was obtained between water content and calcium concentration on Day 3. Both the total motor score and the degree of disturbance of the passive avoidance reaction also correlated well with water content.
Stroke 1989 Apr
PMID:Interrelationship of brain edema, motor deficits, and memory impairment in rats exposed to focal ischemia. 292 28

To determine the prevalence of unrecognized brain dysfunction accompanying chronic severe cardiac disease, we examined 20 clinically stable consecutive admissions to a cardiac rehabilitation service who were free of known stroke or dementia. Age range was 47 to 85 years (mean +/- SEM, 72.5 +/- 2.1 years), the male: female ratio was 10:10. Multiple cognitive deficits including significant memory impairment and disorientation were present in eight patients (40%), and seven of these eight patients were unable to administer their own medications reliably. An additional six patients (30%) showed milder impairments. One patient was found to be normal after neurological examination, four showed evidence of a single brain lesion, and 15 of 20 (75%) had multiple neurological abnormalities suggesting multifocal brain disease. The mechanism of cognitive deficits in cardiac patients is unclear, and it may be related to multiple infarcts, or acute or chronic hypoxic damage secondary to arrhythmias, cardiac failure, or small vessel disease of the brain. The term "circulatory dementia" is proposed to describe patients with vascular disease and non-Alzheimer type dementia. Patients with cardiac disease should undergo cognitive screening, as early identification of patients at risk of progressive intellectual loss may allow early use of preventive therapy.
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PMID:Unrecognized cognitive impairment in cardiac rehabilitation patients. 333 26

The responses of 95 stroke patients and 129 orthopaedic control patients were compared on a questionnaire of subjective memory abilities. Stroke patients reported more problems than orthopaedic controls, and relatives observed more problems in both groups than were reported by patients. Reassessment after 6 months showed that stroke patients rated their memories as worse but their relatives observed an improvement. Factors such as whether the patient was in hospital or at home, and the side of the lesion, were not found to be related to overall subjective memory impairment.
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PMID:Subjective memory impairment after stroke. 366 91

Embolic and thrombotic infarction in the territory of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is described with emphasis on the stroke and cerebrovascular features rather than special neurological syndromes. Of 47 cases of obstruction at the distal bifurcation of the basilar artery, 43 (95%) were consistent with embolism. The clinical categories and pathological findings are presented. Local embolism, vertebral distal-stump embolism, the dynamics of hemorrhagic infarction and embolus-in-transit are briefly described. The prodromal manifestations of PCA thrombotic occlusion include photopsias, hemianopic blackouts, headache, transient episodes of numbness, episodic lightheadedness, spells of bewilderment and rarely tinnitus. Recognition of these may allow prevention of a stroke. Prodromal photopsias did not closely resemble the scintillating displays of migraineurs. When the stroke occurred, visual complaints usually predominated. A sensory deficit occurred in one-third of cases. In 25 cases of memory impairment the dominant hemisphere was involved in 24. The kinds of visual hallucinations, simple and formed, are described.
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PMID:The posterior cerebral artery syndrome. 374 39

138 patients who survived an acute stroke had their memory assessed at 3 months. As a group these patients had no impairment of digit span when compared with published age-matched normal data. Immediate logical memory (of a story) was poor in 29 per cent, and 14 per cent could not draw a picture immediately after seeing it. Poor memory function was not associated with more severe strokes, but was associated with poor functional ability on everyday tasks. Poor visual recall was associated with lower abilities at ADL, independent of any effect of age. Statistically significant recovery was detected in immediate logical memory and visual recall between 3 and 6 months.
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PMID:Memory disturbance after stroke: frequency and associated losses. 380 98

Two hundred and eighty-seven patients who had survived an acute stroke for up to one week after admission to hospital were examined for loss of motor function in the arm and leg. There was a highly significant difference in problem-solving, spatial neglect, communication and postural function between those with significant motor loss and those without. There was no significant difference in memory impairment. Significant loss in motor power had a bad prognosis for functional outcome, length of stay in hospital and survival. If recovery was to occur, it had done so by eight weeks.
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PMID:Motor function after stroke. 400 77


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