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 147,016 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Amnesia is a common clinical problem characterized by four features: (1) normal immediate recall, (2) impaired ability to learn, (3) relatively spared ability to retrieve previously learned material, and (4) preserved cognitive and personality characteristics. Amnesia occurs as a distinct mental disorder, and nine variations seen clinically are described here: Korsakoff's psychosis, posttraumatic amnesia, amnesia stroke, postoperative amnesia, postinfectious amnesia, anoxic amnesia, transient global amnesia following ECT, and psychogenic amnesia. The clinical findings which characterize and differentiate these disorders are presented, along with suggestions for management and a discussion of the the outcome of amnesia.
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PMID:Amnesia. 36 Apr 1

The study set out to investigate readjustment to disability on the part of spouses of patients disabled by a cerebrovascular accident and to elicit the particular problems faced by the spouse of an aphasic patient. In a sample of 79 subjects, spouses of aphasic patients showed evidence of significantly poorer overall social adjustment then spouses of non-asphasic patients. The areas that were particularly impaired were social and leisure activities and marital relationships. In the marital area aphasia appeared to be particularly disruptive and the marriages were characterised by problems of interpersonal communication, diminished sexual satisfaction and loss of partnership. There was a raised incidence of minor psychiatric disorder in all spouses and again this was more pronounced amongst the spouses of aphasic patients.
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PMID:Psychosocial readjustment in the spouses of aphasic patients. A comparative Survey of 79 subjects. 49 96

Drugs, either self-administered or prescribed by physicians, can result in substantial neurologic disability in psychiatric patients. It is clear that the use of neuroleptic agents to treat psychiatric illness may result in a variety of tardive movement disorders. Most commonly, these take the form of orobuccal dyskinesias, but choreic movements of the trunk and extremities, dystonic postures, myoclonus, tics, parkinsonism, and akathisic syndromes also may occur. The choreic tardive syndromes are thought to occur more commonly in the elderly female population, but tardive variants may affect a different population. The neuroleptic malignant syndrome carries a significant mortality and remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Early detection and vigorous treatment reduces the morbidity and mortality from this condition. Stroke, seizures, and various movement disorders may complicate the illicit use of cocaine and complicate the rehabilitation of those patients dependent on its use. The unsatisfactory treatment of tardive syndromes, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and cocaine-induced neurologic disease underscores our incomplete understanding of the neurochemistry of dopamine, the function of newly discovered dopamine receptors, and the role they play in maintaining normal emotional and motoric function. For now, awareness of the varied neurologic syndromes related to neurotransmitter-modulating agents should provide the impetus for careful use of these agents and for the continued development of improved drugs for the treatment of psychiatric disease.
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PMID:Neurologic complications of drugs. Tardive dyskinesias, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and cocaine-related syndromes. 135 Dec 85

This document, launched by the Government in July, 1992, represents the first national policy aimed at improving the overall health of the British population. It emphasises the purpose of the National Health Service--to improve health, not just treat sickness. This White Paper represents a beginning, with five target areas as priorities: Coronary heart disease and stroke; Cancers; Accidents; Mental illness; HIV/AIDS and sexual health
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PMID:The health of the nation. 139

The health of the nation white paper sets targets in five key areas for reductions in both mortality and morbidity: coronary heart disease and stroke, cancers, mental illness, HIV/Aids and sexual health and accidents. In a series of articles in Health visitor, experts will be considering the opportunities the white paper offers for community nurses in each of the key areas. Here Dr Sara Levene, medical consultant to the Child Accident Prevention Trust, considers accidents, a major problem which health visitors can do much to control. She reviews how accidents are presented in the white paper, what health visitors can do and what resources are available to help them. She offers particular advice on special accident prevention initiatives and discusses some of the opportunities created by the white paper.
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PMID:Accident prevention: the health visitor's role. 147 69

A case control study of transient global amnesia (TGA), transient ischaemic attacks (TIA) and normal controls is described. Each of the 51 TGA patients, selected between January 1985 and March 1990, was compared with four controls (two TIAs and two normals) for the presence of vascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, smoking habits, cholesterol, triglycerides and haematocrit levels, heart disease, previous stroke), previous TGA, migraine, psychiatric illness and recent head trauma. Patients with TGA had less diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia than TIA. TGA subjects had significantly more hypertension (odds ratio = 3.31) and migraine (odds ratio = 8.67) than normal controls. During a mean of 17.4 mths of follow-up (range 1-96 mths), three subjects had recurrent TGA, one sustained a TIA and a minor stroke, but none had seizures. Thrombo-embolism and epilepsy are unlikely to be the cause of this benign disorder. The role is stressed of appropriate precipitants, including haemodynamic changes, and of individual susceptibility (of which migraine is probably a marker) in the genesis of TGA.
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PMID:Transient global amnesia. A case control study. 155 58

An autopsy case of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) is reported. It presented with generalized muscle atrophy, stroke-like episodes, schizophrenia-like mental disorder and progressive dementia. Serum lactate and pyruvate levels were high. In the biopsied muscles, ragged-red fibers were observed by light microscopy and aggregation of abnormal mitochondria with paracrystaline formation by electron microscopy. The most characteristic neuropathological findings were infarct-like lesions widespread in the cerebral cortex. In addition, this case showed some unusual pathological features: (1) diffuse moderate fibrillary gliosis in the whole cerebral and cerebellar white matter, which might have been due to metabolic disturbances; (2) several focal lesions with demyelination and numerous spheroids in the pontocerebellar fibers; and (3) marked degeneration of the posterior columns and spinocerebellar tracts. Electron microscopic examination revealed that abnormal mitochondria were markedly aggregated in smooth muscle cells and endothelium of the cerebral and cerebellar blood vessels. These fine structural findings suggest a "mitochondrial angiopathy".
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PMID:Central nervous system changes in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy: light and electron microscopic study. 157 24

To study past histories of patients who died suddenly, we selected cases from all the summary death certificates in which death occurred within 24 hours from the onset of symptoms spanning 1984 to 1986 in Niigata prefecture with a population of 2.5 million. We then re-examined all information on the death certificates to determine the underlying causes. Sudden deaths due to cardiovascular diseases other than acute myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident (OCD) accounted for the largest proportion (51.4%). The proportion of death of unknown etiology increased with the decrease in age in both sexes aged 15 to 54 years, accounting for 67.8% in males and 51.1% in females. The number of cases with histories of diseases related to atherosclerosis (e.g. hypertension, old cerebrovascular accident, etc) increased with age in both sexes, accounting for 38.5% in males and 36.4% in females, both aged 75 years old and over. Except diseases related to atherosclerosis, the past histories accounted for 2.5% or greater were as follows: alcoholism (4.1%), psychiatric disorder (PSY, 2.9%) and valvular heart diseases (VD, 2.6%) in 15-54-year-old males; ischemic heart diseases (IHD, 9.4%), arrhythmia without organic heart diseases (ARR, 2.5%) and VD (2.5%) in 55-74-year-old male; IHD (11.4%), bronchial asthma (3.7%), common cold within one month (CC, 3.6%), cor pulmonale or its related diseases (3.0%) and ARR (2.6%) in male of 75 years old and over; PSY (8.7%), IHD (5.8%), VD (5.1%), pregnancy, delivery or related diseases (4.4%), chronic renal failure (3.6%) and CC (2.9%) in 15-54-year-old females; IHD (10.2%), VD (3.2%) and ARR (2.6%) in 55-74-year-old females; and IHD (11.8%) in females of 75 years old and over. When diseases related to atherosclerosis were included, half of the sudden death cases due to OCD had past histories of underlying cause. As descriptions of past histories are often incomplete, there were probably more cases with past histories. The results of this study indicate that investigation of past histories may aid in elucidating and preventing sudden death.
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PMID:[Past histories of sudden death without specific underlying disease]. 184 23

Attention is drawn to some shortcomings of previous findings with regard to the nature, prevalence and aetiology of psychiatric disorder after stroke, and in particular post-stroke depression. Reasons for and drawbacks of the emphasis on depression in studies to date are discussed. Inconsistencies amongst previous findings are examined and it is suggested that many further studies in the area are warranted providing methodological difficulties are addressed adequately.
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PMID:Research into psychiatric disorder after stroke: the need for further studies. 184 57

Excessive secretion of macrophage monokines is proposed as the cause of depression. Monokines when given to volunteers can produce the symptoms necessary for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition Revised (DSM-III-R) diagnosis of major depressive episode. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) can provoke the hormone abnormalities linked with depression. This theory provides an explanation for the significant association of depression with coronary heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, stroke and other diseases where macrophage activation occurs. The 3:1 female/male incidence of depression ratio is accounted for by estrogen's ability to activate macrophages. The extraordinary low rate of depression in Japan is consistent with the suppressive effect of eicosapentanoic acid on macrophages. Fish oil is proposed as a prophylaxis against depression and omega-6 fat as a promoter. Infection, tissue damage, respiratory allergies and antigens found in food are some of the possible causes of macrophage activation triggering depression.
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PMID:The macrophage theory of depression. 194 79


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