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Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A prospective, randomized controlled study (n = 95) was conducted to compare the morbidity and length of hospital stay associated with retrobulbar neuromuscular blockade (LA) with that associated with general anesthesia (GA) for monocular strabismus surgery in adult patients. A scoring system was developed to assess postoperative nausea and vomiting, pain, level of consciousness, oral intake, and activity while in the hospital and for the first 3 postoperative days. There was no significant difference in the postoperative nausea and vomiting associated with the two anesthetic techniques. Although patients receiving LA experienced less immediate postoperative discomfort (P < .01) and had greater levels of activity (P < .0001) while in the hospital, the discomfort and activity levels of the two groups were similar at home. The LA group was discharged from the hospital sooner (mean, 135 minutes vs 250 minutes; P < .001), allowing more efficient use of hospital resources. Both techniques provided excellent anesthesia for monocular strabismus surgery.
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PMID:A prospective, randomized, controlled comparison of retrobulbar and general anesthesia for strabismus surgery. 148 Mar 64

Monocular eye closure in sunlight is often noted in patients with intermittent exotropia. Neither the reason for eye closure nor its frequency of occurrence in other populations is known. We questioned 147 consecutive nonoperated patients (and/or their parents) ages 1-45 years, 93 with strabismus with onset prior to 7 years of age and 54 without strabismus, for a history of closing one eye in sunlight. Monocular eye closure in sunlight was reported most frequently by patients with intermittent exotropia but was also reported by those with other forms of strabismus as well as by nonstrabismic normals. Cooperative subjects were studied further to determine the cause for eye closure. Each subject was exposed to a source of intense illumination while fixating a target. All who closed one eye under these conditions reported photalgia associated with the high light intensity, most noting less discomfort after closing one eye. None reported diplopia prior to eye closure. Monocular and binocular photophobia thresholds were then measured for each subject. The mean monocular photophobia threshold was significantly higher than the binocular threshold. In addition, binocular photophobia thresholds were significantly lower in those reporting eye closure compared with those who did not. Monocular eye closure in sunlight is a mechanism used to reduce photophobia and is not related to avoidance of diplopia.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Monocular eye closure in sunlight. 232 13

Twenty-two adults underwent strabismus surgery under topical anesthesia over the past 4 years. Benefits of this technique include avoidance of certain hazards of general and retrobulbar anesthesia, the ability to adjust eye position to the patient's satisfaction on the operative table, and expanded options for patients unwilling to undergo general anesthesia. The major disadvantages are the possibility of increased patient discomfort. Patient selection is important.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Topical anesthesia for strabismus surgery. 270 82

A masked, randomised study was designed to test the hypothesis that day case strabismus surgery and the absence of post-operative topical medication is a plan of management that does not compare unfavourably with discharge from hospital on the day after surgery with topical antibiotic and anti-inflammatory therapy for 14 days. The results indicate that patients who have day case surgery do not have more complications than overnight stay patients and that their inflammation and discomfort settle just as quickly without topical therapy. Medical, social and financial benefits of day case surgery are noted.
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PMID:Day case strabismus surgery without post-operative ocular medication. A masked randomised study. 344 37

It is well established that prism stress on binocular vision produces fixation disparity. It is therefore suggested that fixation disparity is a sign of stress on binocular vision. The authors have previously looked at the stress caused by reading in reduced levels of illumination, and found that the average fixation disparity and associated heterophoria become more exophoric. In this paper the effect on fixation disparity and associated heterophoria of reading at an abnormally close distance is reported. It was found that in 50 young adults fixation disparity and associated heterophoria increased to a greater degree of exo-disparity. An analysis of the visual symptoms indicated that there was also an increase in the visual discomfort and other symptoms.
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PMID:The effect on fixation disparity and associated heterophoria of reading at an abnormally close distance. 345 8

Fixation disparity has been shown to be produced by prism stress, and it has therefore been proposed that its presence constitutes a sign that binocular vision is under stress (decompensated heterophoria). Fixation disparity can be present in the absence of any other indication of stress, and therefore may have a physiological basis. This study investigates the effect on fixation disparity and visual discomfort of placing the visual system under a different type of stress, that of requiring the subject to read under conditions of inadequate illumination. In 50 young adults, it was found that fixation disparity increased under inadequate illumination and that this was accompanied by symptoms in the form of visual discomfort. After a period of rest from any near-vision task, the fixation disparity decreased and the symptoms were reduced.
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PMID:Effect of reading in low illumination on fixation disparity. 363 Dec 7

In Kuopio, Finland, vision screening for school children is done by school nurses once every 2 years. All children who have impaired vision, suspected strabismus or heterophoria, suspected eye disease or ocular discomfort, are sent for an eye examination to the ophthalmologist at the Community Health Centre, Kuopio. In 1977 the number of children referred for eye examination was 741 and 1134 in 1984. One hundred consecutive eye examinations were analysed both in 1977 and 1984. There were more girls than boys in both materials: 63 girls and 37 boys in 1977 and 60 girls and 40 boys in 1984. This difference between girls and boys was statistically highly significant in 1977 and significant in 1984. There was no significant difference in age distribution in 1977 and 1984. The largest age group was the 13-year-olds; in 1977 there were 13 and in 1984 22 children in this age group. In 1977, impaired vision (34 children) and in 1984 check-up on glasses (56 children) were the most common reasons for examination. The most usual finding in both years was myopic refraction; 52 cases in 1977 and 58 cases in 1984. It is noteworthy that in 1977 there were 16 children with normal eye examination but in 1984 there were only 6. This difference is almost significant. The cooperation between the ophthalmologist and the school nurses may account for this change.
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PMID:Vision screening and eye examination of school children. 408 3

The present study is the fourth of a major epidemiologic health investigation on work with a video display terminal (VDT). The other studies showed that VDT operators replying to questionnaires have more eye discomfort than a reference group of office employees not employed in VDT work and that women have more eye discomfort, musculoskeletal complaints, headache, and skin disorders than men. Routine ophthalmologic examinations failed to establish any appreciable differences between the groups; for example, the prevalence of myopia was the same. In the present study, the VDT operators and referents were examined before and at the end of work sessions for changes in refraction, accommodation, convergence capacity, and binocular vision such as heterophoria and fusion range. No differences could be established between the VDT operators and the referents.
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PMID:Work with video display terminals among office employees. IV. Refraction, accommodation, convergence and binocular vision. 409 26

The results of conventional strabismus surgery are always somewhat uncertain, despite the most careful preoperative assessment. Yet it is important to achieve good alignment in patients with fusion potential who have intermittent exotropia, extraocular muscle paresis or a restrictive syndrome. Planning surgery for patients with thyroid myopathy and planning reoperations is particularly difficult. In 30 patients with various strabismus disorders the use of adjustable sutures proved safe and of value; the results were unacceptable in only 5 of the 28 patients with horizontal deviations. The inconvenience for the surgeon and the extra discomfort for the patient seemed outweighed by the predictability of the surgical result.
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PMID:Adjustable sutures in strabismus surgery. 675 11

Cycloplegic refraction and indirect ophthalmoscopy are essential to evaluation of the pediatric patient. Unfortunately, along with this practice occur the attendant risks of toxicity and the unpleasantness of instillation. The literature that documents the development of cycloplegic agents is often contradictory regarding efficacy and side effects. It is presented for perspective. We have found that efficacy and discomfort are inseparable; however, as with efficacy and toxicity they are directly related to the concentration used. The case is therefore made to use each agent in its minimal effective concentration and thereby minimize both discomfort and toxicity. Our combination of 1.3% cyclogyl, .167% mydriacil, and 1.6% phenylephrine accomplishes effective cycloplegia for refraction and indirect ophthalmoscopy, has a rapid onset and short duration, works reliably in dark irides, is accomplished in a single encounter with the patient, and exhibits none of the side effects of the individual agents in our series.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:The problem of cycloplegia in the pediatric age group: a combination formula for refraction. 739 99


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