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Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The normal anatomy of the cervical spine and various imaging techniques for the evaluation of torticollis are reviewed, and possible causes of torticollis in infants and children are discussed, with an emphasis on relevant imaging findings. Torticollis is a congenital or acquired deformity characterized by rotational deformity of the cervical spine with secondary tilting of the head. Although torticollis is a sign of an underlying disease process, its presence does not imply a specific diagnosis, and the cause should be sought if torticollis persists or is associated with other symptoms. Congenital torticollis, seen in neonates and infants, usually results from craniocervical vertebral anomalies or muscular causes, although ocular abnormalities such as congenital paralytic squint (strabismus) and congenital nystagmus should also be considered. Acquired torticollis, seen in older children and adolescents, is often secondary to trauma, infection, or tumors. Imaging should be used as a general screening tool only after a complete medical history and clinical findings have been obtained. In newborns or infants with congenital torticollis, ultrasonography (US) is the modality of choice. In cases of acquired torticollis resulting from trauma, conventional radiography (lateral and anteroposterior views) should be the first-line imaging modality. In nontraumatic acquired torticollis, computed tomography (CT) of the neck or cervical spine is the initial imaging study. If CT findings are negative, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the brain and cervical spine should be performed. The use of multiple imaging modalities (conventional radiography, US, CT, and MR imaging) is common in the radiologic work-up of torticollis, and radiologists must understand the role of each imaging modality in patients of various ages.
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PMID:Imaging of torticollis in children. 2241 49

Anterior plagiocephaly due to unicoronal craniosynostosis is commonly associated with an ipsilateral hypertropia and a contralateral head tilt. The ipsilateral superior oblique weakness has been attributed to the shortening of the orbital roof with retroplacement of the trochlea, and to heterotopic positioning of the vertical rectus muscles within the orbit. These anatomical aberrations may alter ocular rotations to mimic a true congenital superior oblique palsy. This paper describes two siblings with synostotic plagiocephaly and simulated superior oblique palsy with ocular torticollis successfully managed by strabismus surgery. Synostotic plagiocephaly should be included in the differential diagnosis of familial congenital superior oblique palsy.
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PMID:Synostotic anterior plagiocephaly: a cause of familial congenital superior oblique muscle palsy. 2414 56

Infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) is an ocular motor disorder that presents at birth or early infancy. It is clinically characterized by involuntary and conjugated oscillation of the eyes, which often causes several complications such as amblyopia, lateral view, strabismus and torticollis. The etiology of INS is not fully understood, and this disease cannot be cured completely. This paper reviews the progress of research on the concept, etiology and pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, common examination methods, diagnosis and treatment of INS.
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PMID:[Clinical research progress in infantile nystagmus syndrome]. 2425 63

Eye muscle surgery is as a rule surgery on healthy eyes. It therefore requires particularly high standards in terms of a lack of complications and predictability of surgical results. Misalignment of the eyes, binocular diplopia and ocular torticollis are all indications for eye muscle surgery as are enlargement of the binocular visual field, asthenopic complaints in heterophoria or the stabilization of binocular functions. Eye muscle surgery is binocular surgery and differs from monocular surgery. It has its own complications and requires specific skills.
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PMID:[Eye muscle surgery]. 2573 30

Wildervanck syndrome (WS) combines features of Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS), sixth nerve palsy, and deafness. This is a case of a 23 year old woman, diagnosed with KFS (a triad of short neck, low posterior hairline and restricted neck movements) at the age of 20 days. The manifestations of the WS in this patient are severe: she has torticollis, and an extremely severe scoliosis. In addition, she is short (-3 SD; parental target height + 0.8SD) and has mixed sensorineural and conductive deafness. She also has ptosis, strabismus and a high myopia. Radiologically, there are multiple coalitions of cervical vertebrae. Intelligence is unaffected (IQ 95), but deafness, strabismus and high myopia forced her early out of school. Karyotype is 46, XX. In brief, this is a patient with severe WS and additional anomalies. Short and/or reduced parental target height is a part of WS.
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PMID:Severe scoliosis, torticollis and short stature in a woman with Wildervanck Syndrome (WS). 2607 92

Torticollis can arise from nonocular (usually musculoskeletal) and ocular conditions. Some facial asymmetries are correlated with a history of early onset ocular torticollis supported by the presence of torticollis on reviewing childhood photographs. When present in an adult, this type of facial asymmetry with an origin of ocular torticollis should help to confirm the chronicity of the defect and prevent unnecessary neurologic evaluation in patients with an uncertain history. Assessment of facial asymmetry consists of a patient history, physical examination, and medical imaging. Medical imaging and facial morphometry are helpful for objective diagnosis and measurement of the facial asymmetry, as well as for treatment planning. The facial asymmetry in congenital superior oblique palsy is typically manifested by midfacial hemihypoplasia on the side opposite the palsied muscle, with deviation of the nose and mouth toward the hypoplastic side. Correcting torticollis through strabismus surgery before a critical developmental age may prevent the development of irreversible facial asymmetry. Mild facial asymmetry associated with congenital torticollis has been reported to resolve with continued growth after early surgery, but if asymmetry is severe or is not treated in the appropriate time, it might remain even with continued growth after surgery.
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PMID:Facial asymmetry in ocular torticollis. 2723 67

Brown's syndrome is related to an abnormality of the superior oblique muscle: it is manifested by an oculomotor disorder with active and passive limitation of elevation in adduction, the field of action of the inferior oblique muscle. The origin is congenital or acquired secondary to multiple causes - inflammatory-infectious, traumatic or iatrogenic. The clinical and paraclinical signs are suggestive. Cerebral and orbital imaging including CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential for the diagnosis and management of congenital or acquired Brown's syndrome. The course may yield improvement (spontaneous or after etiological treatment) or a steady state. Treatment is rarely surgical. The indication for surgery requires specific functional and clinical signs: torticollis, hypotropia in primary position, associated strabismus and impaired binocular vision; the long-term results of the various surgical techniques are variable.
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PMID:[Brown's syndrome]. 3071 79

Torticollis is an abnormal head posture caused by ocular or non-ocular factors. Ocular torticollis (OT) is a compensatory head posture adopted to avoid double vision or dampen nystagmus. In this review, we argue, that causes for OT comprise a wide range of congenital or acquired ocular conditions. These patients are at risk of being mis-cat-egorised as having non-ocular torticollis, which may delay treatment and cause amblyopia in children. OT can be symptomatically relieved by prismatic correction incorporated in the patient's glasses or treated by strabismus surgery, which also improve ocular motility.
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PMID:[Ocular torticollis is a diagnostic and surgical challenge]. 3154 99


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