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Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A group of 2205 operations of strabismus in the course of 12 years reveals a clear predominance of operations of dynamic strabismus (94%), as compared with surgery of paralytic strabismus and ocular torticollis on account of nystagmus (6%). This fact provides evidence of a marked ratio of a non-paralytic aetiology of strabismus in the child population. In esotropia, the most frequent type of strabismus, the authors consider as most suitable the technique of weakening of the inner rectus muscles by a dosed elongation according to Gonin-Hollwich, as compared with the classical retroposition of this muscle. In exotropia the authors recommend reinforcing operations only or in combination with a weakening operation of the rectus muscles. The gradual development of application of the technique of surgery of the hyperfunctional lower oblique muscle is in favour of treble partial myotomy (elongation). They operate paretic strabismus when the IIIrd, IVth, VIth nerve are affected and supranuclear paresis of the levators by a complex procedure incl. transposition operations of the functional muscles. The authors operate ocular torticollis after a careful analysis of the congenital nystagmus, using special techniques on the rectus and oblique muscles which adjust the position of the head and bulbs.
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PMID:[Surgical treatment of strabismus in children (a 12-year study)]. 139 35

Plagiocephaly is cranial synostosis caused by premature closure of one half of the coronal suture. It is manifested by asymmetry of the face of a varying degree with vertical strabismus on the affected side and tilting of the head to the sound side. The vertical deviation imitates ocular torticollis, there are, however, no signs of paresis nor a positive Bielschowski test. Treatment involves early opening of the coronal synostosis or later at least treatment of vertical strabismus. The authors operated successfully a 14-year-old girl with medium grade plagiocephaly. They describe the preoperative and postoperative state. The authors recommend, in case of asymmetry of the face and vertical strabismus, to consider the possible diagnosis of this anomaly.
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PMID:[Vertical strabismus in plagiocephaly]. 152 91

Botulinum A toxin has been used to treat strabismus and a variety of spasmodic neuromuscular diseases. Botulinum toxin treatment of strabismus is not as definitive and stable as the traditional surgical approach, but it has been found most useful in postoperative overcorrection, small deviations, sensory deviations, and acute sixth nerve palsy. This toxin has been effective in the treatment of essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm, for which it produces temporary relief of symptoms. In addition, this treatment has been applied to lower lid entropion, myokymia, aberrant regeneration of the seventh nerve, lid retraction, corneal exposure, nystagmus, spasmodic torticollis, and adductor spastic dysphonia.
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PMID:Botulinum A toxin (Oculinum) in ophthalmology. 192 43

Examination of 328 patients with vertical squint has revealed peculiarities of its clinical forms. Their characteristics are: I. Concomitant vertical squint; II. A mixed form--concomitant convergent or divergent squint with a vertical component; III. Paretic or paralytic vertical squint; IV. Atypical kinds of vertical squint. Special attention is drawn to the presence of torticollis, difference in lid slit width, pseudoptosis, diplopia. Basic principles of treatment of vertical squint corresponding the clinical form are suggested. Results of treatment in patients with different forms of vertical squint are analysed.
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PMID:[The clinical characteristics and treatment tactics of vertical strabismus]. 225 92

Congenital or early infantile paralysis of the superior oblique muscle is primarily caused by congenital anomaly of the ocular muscles or by birth trauma, while the acquired is mostly caused by trauma, influenza, or acute infection. The diagnosis is done by Lancaster's test, the synoptophore, and the cover test in combination with prisms. For incooperative children, Park's three step test may be used. The angle of strabismus can be measured with the cover test and prisms, or by the synoptophore. For treatment, the patients were divided into (1) the group of prism correction, (2) the group of inferior oblique attenuation in the same eye, (3) the group of inferior rectus attenuation in the other eye, (4) the group of inferior oblique attenuation in the same eye combined with inferior rectus attenuation in the other eye, and (5) the group of superior oblique paralysis complicated with horizontal heterotropia. The immediate and longterm curative effect had been satisfactory. It is important to differentiate congenital cases from the acquired, the primary torticollis from that of ophthalmic origin, and the paralysis of superior oblique in one eye from the paralysis of the superior rectus in the other eye.
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PMID:[Analysis of 138 cases of superior oblique muscle paralysis]. 239 Sep

Three young children presented with photophobia, epiphora, and torticollis as the initial manifestation of a posterior fossa tumor. In each case there was a delay in treatment due to the presumptive diagnosis of a local ocular inflammatory condition. We recommend that children with unexplained photophobia, epiphora, and torticollis undergo an imaging technique to evaluate the posterior fossa.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Photophobia, epiphora, and torticollis: a masquerade syndrome. 239 22

We determined the relation between length and tension in detached oblique muscles of 16 strabismus patients that underwent surgery, before and during contraction evoked by intravenous administration of succinylcholine. We frequently found a nonlinear relation between length and tension, unlike our previous findings in recti. In superior oblique palsies, the superior oblique was found, before injection of succinylcholine, to be stiff after elongation, and did not contract after injection of succinylcholine, while the ipsilateral inferior oblique contract after injection of succinylcholine, but with a higher spring constant than did usual. In 3 cases the superior oblique contracted vividly after administration of succinylcholine despite the presence of excyclotropia, stereopsis, torticollis (2 cases) and a hypertropia that increased in adduction, in downgaze, in adduction-and-downgaze and on ipsilateral head-tilt. The finding of a vividly contracting superior oblique is incompatible with the diagnosis of a complete superior oblique palsy. We conclude that some of the cases diagnosed as congenital superior oblique palsy, having a hypertropia increasing in adduction, in downgaze, in adduction-and-downgaze and on ipsilateral head-tilt, are in fact cases of unilateral strabismus sursoadductorius (upshoot in adduction), a non-paretic motility disorder.
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PMID:The length-tension diagrams of human oblique muscles in trochlear palsy and strabismus sursoadductorius. 323 90

We have made intraoperative, continuous-registration, length-tension diagrams of detached eye muscles in 80 strabismus patients under general anaesthesia. In 47 of these we repeated the measurements after contraction evoked by succinylcholine chloride. In contracting horizontal and vertical rectus muscles, we found a linear relation between length and tension. In contracting oblique muscles, however, the relation between length and tension was frequently nonlinear. In superior oblique palsies, the superior oblique was found to be stiff after elongation and before injection of succinylcholine, and it did not contract after injection of succinylcholine. The ipsilateral inferior oblique did contract after injection of succinylcholine, but with a higher spring constant than usual (ie, contracture of the ipsilateral antagonist). In three cases the superior oblique contracted vividly after administration of succinylcholine despite the presence of excyclotropia, stereopsis, torticollis (two cases) and a hypertropia that increased in adduction, in down-gaze, in adduction and down-gaze and on ipsilateral head-tilt. In a case of general fibrosis syndrom we found almost normally contracting vertical recti, which is compatible only with a supranuclear or misdirectional cause. These cases demonstrate the usefulness of the assessment of the length-tension diagram of an eye muscle during surgery, before and during contraction evoked by succinylcholine chloride.
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PMID:Length-tension curves of human eye muscles during succinylcholine-induced contraction. 341 16

Effective management improves the sensory-motor state of most optical nystagmus cases. Treatment is always medical and sometimes surgical. Previous complete sensory and motor examinations are necessary. A surgical cure is warranted by the extent of nystagmus, a torticollis, or when a squint is associated. The authors review the various clinical aspects, and their operative plan, which is simple in Kestenbaum's, more delicate in dissociated forms, convergence blockages and nystagmic squints. It is often very difficult in complex nystagmic impairments.
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PMID:[Surgical treatment of optical nystagmus (author's transl)]. 706 99

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is "panenepidemic" and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.
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PMID:The universal, muscular chain reaction, muscle spasm, torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders. 721 43


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