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Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Strabismus was a known eye misalignment since the Hippocratic era (ca 5th century BC). Hippocrates and his followers were the first to introduce the hypothesis of a hereditary condition. Many ancient Greek physicians like Galen (ca 2nd AD) provided several definitions, while Paul of Aegina (625-690 AD) was the scholar who introduced a method to treat it. Paul used a full face mask and an oil lamb to guide the eyeballs toward the desired direction. It seems that this approach endured for centuries to come. During 11th century AD in Constantinople, the Byzantine scholar and politician Michael Constantine Psellus (ca 1020-1105 AD) composed a series of philosophical, religious, political and scientific treatises. Among his work stands a medical iambic didactic poem of 1732 lines, in which he had mentioned strabismus. Although he was not an oculist, he had managed to define strabismus. His definition was noted as such, "Strabismus is caused by a spasm of the bodies which move (the eye balls) and the oblique tendency of the muscles". Psellus was aware of the knowledge of the past and recorded what was still valid at that era, presenting a memorable definition. As his reference was completely neglected from the medical bibliography, our study aims to add him in the scientific chain of those who understood this disorder. This study aims to compose Psellus biography, present ancient Greek and Byzantine ophthalmology's opinion concerning strabismus and note Psellus' definition. The TLG and MedLine/PubMed databases were searched and the terms "strabismus" and "Psellus" were used as key words.
Strabismus 2018 Sep
PMID:Michael Constantine Psellus (1020-1105 AD) and his definition of strabismus. 3012 25

Botulinum toxin is an important treatment for many conditions in ophthalmology, including strabismus, nystagmus, blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, spastic and congenital entropion, corneal exposure, and persistent epithelial defects. The mechanism of action of botulinum toxin for both strabismus and nystagmus is the neuromuscular blockade and transient paralysis of extraocular muscles, but when botulinum toxin is used for some forms of strabismus, a single injection can convey indefinite benefits. There are two unique mechanisms of action that account for the long-term effect on ocular alignment: (1) the disruption of a balanced system of agonist-antagonist extraocular muscles and (2) the reestablishment of central control of alignment by the binocular visual system. For other ocular conditions, botulinum toxin acts through transient paralysis of periocular muscles. Botulinum toxin is a powerful tool in ophthalmology, achieving its therapeutic effects by direct neuromuscular blockade of extraocular and periocular muscles and by unique mechanisms related to the underlying structure and function of the visual system.
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PMID:Use of Botulinum Toxin in Ophthalmology. 3227 Mar 40


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