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Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The literature on the use of biofeedback techniques in the treatment of visual and ophthalmologic disorders is reviewed. Although this consists mainly of case studies, there is mounting evidence that biofeedback may be applicable to the treatment of strabismus, nystagmus, blepharospasm, elevated intraocular pressure, and myopia. because of the success in applying biofeedback techniques in the treatment of other neuromuscular disorders, it is concluded that the use of these techniques in the treatment of blepharospasm and strabismus shows the most promise.
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PMID:Biofeedback techniques in the treatment of visual and ophthalmologic disorders: a review of the literature. 703 90

A pale, elevated peripapillary lesion discovered in a young child with no family history of phakomatoses, grew larger, caused vitreous hemorrhage and underwent necrosis. Secondary inflammation developed in the eye, finally producing rubeosis irides with elevated intraocular pressure and a blind, painful eye which required enucleation. Clinically, the lesion was variably diagnosed and treated as toxoplasmosis and toxocara canis. These diagnoses were made despite low titres, a negative ELISA test and a normal eosinophil count. On histopathologic examination, a diagnosis of toxocara canis was entertained, although no remnants of the organism could be found in serial sections. Years later, when a family history of tuberous sclerosis became apparent, a diagnosis of astrocytic hamartoma of the retina with secondary hemorrhage and inflammation was made on the basis of re-examination of the pathologic specimen and special stains.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Astrocytic hamartoma in tuberous sclerosis mimicking necrotizing retinochoroiditis. 715 23

Benactyzine is an anticholinergic agent which has been used in past years in psychiatry, but is little used today. It has central and peripheral anticholinergic effects, and when administered intramuscularly, it has a rapid onset of action. This may make it useful as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning, in spite of side-effects such as deficits of short term memory, concentration, and attention. As an anticholinergic drug it could also be expected to produce vision changes by its action on the intraocular musculature controlling the pupil and lens accommodation. We tested the drug on six volunteer subjects to establish the visual side-effects of intramuscular administration. We found that it reduced static and dynamic visual acuity, increased pupil size, reduced amplitude of accommodation and contrast sensitivity, while having little or no effect on glare recovery, color vision, intraocular pressure, stereoacuity, oculomotor tracking, and distance heterophoria. Benactyzine produced reductions in visual performance for up to 3 h and had the greatest effects on functions which have significant cognitive components. The present results suggest that the drug is unsuitable for treatment for oganophosphate poisoning when continuous performance is required, although a definitive test of ths suggestion would require that performance should be tested when benactyzine and the organophosphate of interest were combined.
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PMID:Effects of an anticholinergic drug, benactyzine hyrochloride, on vision and vision performance. 718 5

Thirty-one patients (61 eyes) had a rise in intraocular pressure averaging 8.2 mm Hg following the use of succinylcholine as a muscle relaxant prior to general anesthesia. Just prior to the start of surgery (an average of 14 minutes following Anectine administration), the tension had returned to the control level. Ten patients (20 eyes) had pancuronium used without succinylcholine. No change in intraocular tension was noted with this agent and pressure remained unchanged at the start of surgery. Work of other investigators, using the "spring back balance" test and strain gauge force measurement to rotate the globe, indicate that the effect of Anectine upon the extraocular muscles may take 20 to 30 minutes to wear off. This is long after the return of intraocular pressure to control values and suggests that monitoring of intraocular tension may not be accurate method of assessing the action of Anectine upon the eye muscles. The mechanism of increased fluid outflow, not muscle relaxation, probably accounts for this lowering of intraocular pressure.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Succinylcholine and intraocular pressure. 724 Dec 91

An evaluation of the differential intraocular pressure test in the diagnosis of non-comitant strabismus is described and the results compared with findings in ten normal subjects. Increased intraocular pressure occurring when an eye cannot complete a full duction indicates both the existence of a restriction and the presence of underlying muscle force generation. The differential intraocular pressure test is easily performed, non-invasive, generally reliable, and can be performed on children who are unlikely to cooperate with other types of diagnostic procedures. Although false-negative results may occur, this test nevertheless provides useful additional information to that normally obtained in a motility examination. When combined with passive forced ductions, an accurate picture of both active and passive components of the strabismus may be determined.
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PMID:Differential intraocular pressure in strabismus diagnosis. 724 28

Information is reviewed on the ophthalmologic findings in 614 individuals with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS). The data were collected from the world literature, from communication with colleagues and with families of individuals with RTS, and from personal observations. Particular emphasis is given in this article to the association of RTS with glaucoma and five other findings that may be confused with glaucoma (corneal lesions, megalocornea, colobomatous or cystic optic nerve, excavation of papilla, and large cup-to-disc ratio). A case report is presented including autopsy results on a 5-year-old black female with RTS, corneal lesions, colobomas of the optic nerves, and normal intraocular pressure.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Glaucoma and findings simulating glaucoma in the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. 749 63

An 11-month-old boy presented with uniocular hypopyon, elevated intraocular pressure, and iris nodules. A differential diagnosis of physical abuse, infection, retinoblastoma, juvenile xanthogranuloma, and histiocytosis X were considered but initial physical and laboratory investigations all had normal results. Three weeks following initial presentation, the child developed fulminant acute myelogenous leukemia. The clinical course, investigations, and outcome are reviewed.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Pseudohypopyon in acute myelogeneous leukemia. 762 68

We measured the intraocular pressure (IOP) of 50 normal, cooperative, awake children below 6 years of age and 10 glaucoma patients with the Perkins' hand-held applanation tonometer (Perkins) and the Digilab pneumatonographer-tonometer (Pneuma). The measurements were repeated after oral chloral hydrate administration in the dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for the first 10 kg plus 50 mg/kg for every additional kg. There were no clinically or statistically significant changes in IOP measured before and after chloral hydrate in the 50 normal children (Pneuma: mean = 14.74 +/- 1.27 mm Hg vs 14.74 +/- 0.96 mm Hg; P > .05; Perkins: mean = 5.86 +/- 1.69 mm Hg vs 5.61 +/- 1.50 mm Hg; P > .05) or in the 15 glaucomatous eyes (Pneuma: mean = 28.93 +/- 5.26 vs 28.47 +/- 4.42 mm Hg; Perkins: mean = 20.27 +/- 5.36 vs 19.53 +/- 4.49 mm Hg; P > 0.05). Although some children did resist swallowing the bitter-tasting medicine, no significant side effects were encountered. The high-dose oral chloral hydrate protocol resulted in efficient sedation in children below the age of 6 years, without any alteration of the IOP levels in both normal and glaucomatous eyes.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Effect of oral chloral hydrate sedation on the intraocular pressure measurement. 812 Jul 42

We measured the intraocular pressure (IOP) of 50 normal, cooperative, awake children below 5 years of age and 12 normal, volunteer adults with the Perkins hand-held applanation tonometer (Perkins) and the Digilab pneumatonographer-tonometer (Pneuma). Neither sedation, general anesthesia, nor lid specula were used. We confirmed others' findings that the normal IOP, measured in the supine position with the Perkins, is lower in infants and young children (mean = 5.89 mm Hg) than in adults (mean = 13.21 mm Hg; P < .0001). On the other hand, with the Pneuma, the supine pediatric IOP (mean = 14.76 mm Hg) was not significantly different from the adult sitting IOP (mean = 14.42 mm Hg; P = .497). Regression analysis suggests that children and adult Perkins IOP may become equal at around age 12 years.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Normal intraocular pressure in children: a comparative study of the Perkins applanation tonometer and the pneumatonometer. 825 41

We compared 23 patients (ages 4 to 18 years) who were receiving long-term oral prednisone therapy with 31 normal controls (ages 7 to 16 years). Indications for corticosteroid treatment included renal transplant in 11 patients, nephrotic syndrome in 7, glomerulonephritis in 4, and vasculitis without renal disease in 1. The mean duration of prednisone therapy was 5.0 +/- 3.5 years, and the mean dose at the time of examination was 0.29 +/- 0.18 mg/kg/day. Mean intraocular pressure was 16.0 +/- 3.0 mm Hg (range, 12 to 25 mm Hg) in the prednisone group and 15.4 +/- 2.1 mm Hg (range, 12 to 20 mm Hg) in the control group. The difference between the means was 0.6 mm Hg (P = 0.35). Posterior subcapsular cataracts were present in seven (30%) of the prednisone patients, but in none of the controls (P = .001). None of the cataracts were visually significant. We found no evidence that pediatric patients on long-term, low-dose prednisone have higher intraocular pressures (IOPs) than normal children, although they are more likely to develop posterior subcapsular cataracts.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Ocular implications of long-term prednisone therapy in children. 835 Feb 20


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