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Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Vitamin E is one of the most important lipid-soluble antioxidant nutrients. Severe vitamin E deficiency can have a profound effect on the central nervous system. Cystic fibrosis, chronic cholestatic liver disease, abetalipoproteinemia, short bowel syndrome, isolated vitamin E deficiency syndrome and other malabsorption syndromes all may cause varying degrees of neurologic deficits due to related vitamin deficiencies. The classic abnormalities in vitamin E deficiency progress from hyporeflexia, ataxia, limitations in upward gaze and strabismus to long-tract defects, profound muscle weakness and visual field constriction. Patients with severe, prolonged deficiency may develop complete blindness, dementia and cardiac arrhythmias. Treatment must be tailored to the underlying cause of vitamin E deficiency and may include oral or parenteral vitamin supplementation. The more advanced the deficits, the more limited the response to therapy. Therefore, a good neurologic examination and periodic serum vitamin E levels are essential in patients at risk of vitamin E deficiency.
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PMID:Neurologic findings in vitamin E deficiency. 901 78

This study was done to determine the prevalence of visual impairment due to refractive errors and ocular diseases in lower middle class school children of Hyderabad, India. A total of 4,029 children, which included 2,348 males and 1,681 females, in the age range of 3 to 18 years from 9 schools were screened with a detailed ocular examination protocol. Among 3,669 children in whom visual acuity could be recorded, on presentation 115 (3.1%) had visual acuity < 6/18 in the better eye (equivalent to visual impairment), while 41 (1.1%) had visual acuity < or = 6/60 [corrected] in the better eye (equivalent to legal blindness) out of which 18 (0.5%) had visual acuity < 6/60 in the better eye (equivalent to economic blindness). Of 115 children who presented with initial visual acuity < 6/18, vision improved to > or = 6/18 with refraction in 109 (94.8%). No child was legally or economically blind after refractive correction. Prevalence of hyperopia was 22.6%, myopia 8.6% and astigmatism 10.3%. The prevalence of myopia was significantly higher among children > or = 10 years of age (P < 0.001). The maximum, mean and median values for myopia were 10.00, 1.35 and 0.75 D in the better eye. For hyperopia these values were 8.50, 0.65 and 0.50 D. The major causes for best corrected visual acuity < 6/9 in the worse eye for 51 (1.4%) children included amblyopia in 40 (1.1%), corneal diseases in 5 (0.1%), cataract in 2 (0.05%) and others in 4 (0.1%). Out of the total, 30 (0.7%) children had strabismus. These data support the assumption that vision screening of school children in developing countries could be useful in detecting correctable causes of decreased vision, especially refractive errors, and in minimising long term permanent visual disability.
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PMID:Visual impairment in school children in southern India. 947 34

Tobacco smoke is composed of as many as 4,000 active compounds, most of them toxic on either acute or long-term exposure. Many of them are also poisonous to ocular tissues, affecting the eye mainly through ischemic or oxidative mechanisms. The list of ophthalmologic disorders associated with cigarette smoking continues to grow. Most chronic ocular diseases, with the possible exception of diabetic retinopathy and primary open-angle glaucoma, appear to be associated with smoking. Both cataract development and age-related macular degeneration, the leading causes of severe visual impairment and blindness, are directly accelerated by smoking. Other common ocular disorders, such as retinal ischemia, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, and Graves ophthalmopathy, are also significantly linked to this harmful habit. Tobacco smoking is the direct cause of tobacco-alcohol amblyopia, a once common but now rare disease characterized by severe visual loss, which is probably a result of toxic optic nerve damage. Cigarette smoking is highly irritating to the conjunctival mucosa, also affecting the eyes of nonsmokers by passive exposure (secondhand smoking). The dangerous effects of smoking are transmitted through the placenta, and offspring of smoking mothers are prone to develop strabismus. Efforts should be directed toward augmenting the campaign against tobacco smoking by adding the increased risk of blindness to the better-known arguments against smoking. We should urge our patients to quit smoking, and we must make them keenly aware of the afflictions that can develop when smoke gets in our eyes.
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PMID:The association between cigarette smoking and ocular diseases. 963 2

Carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1 (CDGS-1) is an autosomal recessive hereditary metabolic disorder, the gene locus of which is chromosome 16p13. The disorder is characterised by genetic heterogeneity, and by decrease in the gene product, phosphomannomutase 2, though the heterogeneity is far less manifest in affected Swedish families. Its incidence is 1/80,000 live births, and the under-5 mortality rate over 30 per cent. The causes of death are liver failure, cardiac tamponade, haemorrhaging, and severe infection. The characteristic biochemical aberration is the occurrence of deficient carbohydrate chains in many but not all circulating glycoproteins, and the serum and blood concentrations of some glycoproteins may be above or below normal. These changes may improve over time, but never normalise. The clinical picture is generally more problematic during the first years of life when psychomotor retardation is complicated by failure to thrive, liver dysfunction, pericardial effusions, and stroke-like episodes. In addition, strabismus, lipocutaneous anomalies, and gluteal fat pads are always present, and muscular hypotonia and restricted joint mobility are common. Failure to thrive is common, with vomiting and diarrhoea and subsequent slow growth. Inflammation is a constant finding in the liver, and very common in the small bowel. Pancreatic function is also affected. Pericardial effusion has been reported in 50 per cent of the youngest children, requiring pericardectomy in 30 per cent of cases. Haemorrhaging and thromboembolic complications may occur, and the serum concentrations of several factors and inhibitors are low, particularly those of factors V and XI, protein C and antithrombin. Stroke-like episodes occur in about 30 per cent of cases, often following an infection, with coma lasting for hours to several days. Such sequelae as hemiplegia, blindness, and other focal neurological pathology have been observed transiently. Diagnosis is based on the serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin level, verified by isoelectric focusing. Molecular genetic procedures enable point mutations to be identified and prenatal diagnosis to be performed in many families.
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PMID:[CDGS-1--a recently discovered hereditary metabolic disease. Multiple organ manifestations, incidence 1/80,000, difficult to treat]. 988 93

VLBW children are known to have a high frequency of early onset strabismus, which is related to the high prevalence of pre- and perinatal cerebral disturbances reported in these children. It is unknown if the early onset strabismus in VLBW children has the characteristics of infantile esotropia. If so, then (acquired) cerebral damage may play an important role in the origin of this type of strabismus. For this reason, the charts of 265 VLBW children were retrospectively reviewed. Strabismus was present in 55 (20.7%) children. Mean follow-up was 75 weeks, with 29.8% of the children having a follow-up of less then 6 months. Only 5 children (1.9%) with characteristics of infantile esotropia could be identified. Another 8 children (3.0%) possibly had infantile esotropia, but follow-up had been too infrequent during the first year of life to determine the time of onset of strabismus precisely. The other 42 children with strabismus all had ophthalmological disorders (i.e. ROP, optic nerve atrophy, cortical blindness) explaining early disruption of binocular visual development. Therefore, VLBW children are at risk for early onset strabismus. However, infantile esotropia is not typical for VLBW children and may be an indication that early acquired cerebral damage does not play an important role in the pathogenesis of infantile esotropia.
Strabismus 1999 Jun
PMID:Infantile esotropia in very low birth weight (VLBW) children. 1042 Feb 14

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) continues to be an important cause of potentially preventable blindness worldwide. The pattern of visual impairment from ROP in some middle-income countries--high rates affecting larger and more mature infants--resembles that seen in more developed countries two decades ago and has been called a "third epidemic" of the disease. Expert bodies in the United Kingdom and the United States have recently issued new guidelines for screening for ROP that utilize both birth weight and gestational age criteria. Studies in both countries suggest these criteria might be further revised to decrease time spent on screening without missing any significant disease. Population-based follow-up studies of extremely preterm infants suggest that although more preterm infants are surviving, with adequate screening and treatment, rates of blindness from ROP may be declining. Further information on the longer-term impact of ROP comes from a number of studies and particularly the Multicenter Trial of Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity (CRYO-ROP) study. The risk of both myopia and strabismus is increased with any and each higher stage of ROP. Evidence is emerging that laser therapy for threshold disease may be associated with better visual outcome than cryotherapy, although complications following the former remain a concern. The fight against ROP may be enhanced by new information on the pathogenesis, including possible genetic predisposition and the role of vascular endothelial growth factor.
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PMID:Results of screening low-birth-weight infants for retinopathy of prematurity. 1053 72

Squint is unfortunately a neglected subject in our country. It is considered only a cosmetic problem without realising that any manifest squint is a one eyed blindness which results in lack of binocular vision. Consequently there is no stereopsis. The management should be undertaken at the earliest possible age when development of uni-ocular as well as binocular vision is taking place. Once the visual system is mature, only cosmetic appearance can be improved, but not the vision.
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PMID:Squint--what to do and when. 1064 81

A cross sectional survey was conducted in Central Region, Ghana to determine the prevalence of children with disabilities. Forty-seven (1.8%) out of a total of 2,556 children under fifteen years of age had disabilities. About a third, had difficulty with movement of which post poliomyelitis infection disability formed the majority. Twelve children (25.5%) had difficulty with hearing and speech (deaf and dumb). Three children were reported as having epilepsy and 2 others had mental retardation. There was no case of total blindness, however, two children complained of poor vision and three others had a squint. Other disabilities identified, included one child each with kyphosis (hunch back), hydrocephalus (very large head) and extensive facial scars from burns. Disability was more common among children who had not been immunized or who did not have immunization card at the time of interview. The prevalence of disability was higher among female children in the rural community and in children with no formal education. Prevalence of disability increased with age. The prevalence of disability was 14.4 per 1,000 for children (1-5) years, 16.6 per 1000 for children (6-9) years and 3.7 per 1,000 for (10-15) years age group. Younger children had better immunization status and lower disability rates. Thirty percent of the children with disability said they were experiencing discrimination especially among the female children. This study has demonstrated that there is a need to intensify the preventive efforts at reducing the problem of childhood disability and to increase public support to the disabled children by avoiding discrimination and encouraging education and training of the disabled children.
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PMID:Prevalence of children with disabilities in central region, Ghana. 1192 61

Oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD) (MIM 164200) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited disorder affecting the development of the face, eyes, limbs and dentition. Neurological complications are thought to be occasional manifestations of the disorder. This report illustrates the neurological manifestations by a pedigree of two ODDD patients with spastic paraparesis, cerebral white matter hyperintensity and basal ganglia hypointensity. A systematic review of the English, French, German and Italian literature on ODDD is also provided to summarize the neurological manifestations of the disorder. 243 previously described ODDD cases presented a spectrum of neurological manifestation including spasticity (25), subcortical white matter lesions (9) and basal ganglia changes (6) on MRI. Additional findings consisted of gaze palsy and squinting (28), bladder and bowel disturbances (21), visual loss (20) and blindness (4), hearing loss (15), ataxia (11), nystagmus (9), muscle weakness (5) and paresthesias (3). Neurological manifestations, including spasticity associated with MRI changes, are an underrecognized feature in the ODDD phenotype. A clinical guide to the neurological manifestations of ODDD may assist in the assessment of patients with this condition.
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PMID:Neurological manifestations of the oculodentodigital dysplasia syndrome. 1202 49

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is found in about 30% of premature infants with a birth weight < 1500 g and/or a gestational age < 32 weeks. Many risk factors are directly or indirectly involved in the development of ROP. The younger the child and therefore the more immature at birth, the greater the risk of ROP leading to short-sightedness or blindness. As a result of advances in obstetric and neonatal care, more immature and extremely low birth weight infants survive, and thorough ophthalmological screening for ROP is therefore essential. Timely detection (ROP stage 3) enables treatment with cryotherapy or laser therapy. Although the rate of success has increased with these forms of treatment, about 40% of the treated children retain a serious visual handicap. In the Netherlands, this involves about 10 children each year. At a later age, prematurely born children have a higher risk of developing other ophthalmologic problems such as strabismus, amblyopia and refractive errors. Again, timely detection and treatment reduces the risk of permanent visual disability.
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PMID:[Retinopathy in premature infants]. 1205 28


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