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Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

VLBW children are known to have a high frequency of early onset strabismus, which is related to the high prevalence of pre- and perinatal cerebral disturbances reported in these children. It is unknown if the early onset strabismus in VLBW children has the characteristics of infantile esotropia. If so, then (acquired) cerebral damage may play an important role in the origin of this type of strabismus. For this reason, the charts of 265 VLBW children were retrospectively reviewed. Strabismus was present in 55 (20.7%) children. Mean follow-up was 75 weeks, with 29.8% of the children having a follow-up of less then 6 months. Only 5 children (1.9%) with characteristics of infantile esotropia could be identified. Another 8 children (3.0%) possibly had infantile esotropia, but follow-up had been too infrequent during the first year of life to determine the time of onset of strabismus precisely. The other 42 children with strabismus all had ophthalmological disorders (i.e. ROP, optic nerve atrophy, cortical blindness) explaining early disruption of binocular visual development. Therefore, VLBW children are at risk for early onset strabismus. However, infantile esotropia is not typical for VLBW children and may be an indication that early acquired cerebral damage does not play an important role in the pathogenesis of infantile esotropia.
Strabismus 1999 Jun
PMID:Infantile esotropia in very low birth weight (VLBW) children. 1042 Feb 14

Normal visual development is rapid during the first six months of life and continues through the first decade. Young children are uniquely sensitive to conditions that interfere with vision and visual development. Amblyopia, or functionally defective development of the central visual system, may be caused by common vision problems such as strabismus, uncorrected refractive errors and deprivation secondary to occlusion. Prematurity is especially associated with eye pathology, including retinopathy of prematurity, amblyopia, strabismus and refractive errors. When detected early, amblyopia and many other childhood vision abnormalities are treatable, but the potential for correction and normal visual development is inversely related to age. Since many affected children are asymptomatic, early detection of abnormal visual function requires effective screening throughout early childhood. Special considerations apply to screening examinations of children born prematurely.
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PMID:The eye in childhood. 1049 16

Ocular motility, refraction and visual acuity (VA) were evaluated at the age of 4 years in 136 preterm infants with gestational ages (GAs) at birth of less than 32 weeks. Group 1 (non-retinopathy of prematurity, ROP) included 87 children that had never developed ROP. Group 2 contained 19 children whose ROP had regressed spontaneously. Group 3 (cryo-ROP) was composed of 30 patients who had undergone cryotherapy for severe ROP. Strabismus was found in 13.9% of the total population. chi(2) analysis revealed that strabismus was significantly (p < 0.01) associated with prematurity (i.e. GA <29 weeks), ROP and cryotherapy. Myopia of more than 3 dpt was significantly (p < 0.001) more common in the cryo-ROP infants than in the regressed-ROP and non-ROP groups. The distribution of hypermetropia was similar in all three groups. VA was measured with the E chart. Of the 272 eyes examined, 251 (92.3%) displayed VA of more than 20/25. The majority of these eyes were from the non-ROP group (65.4%), 15.3% had regressed ROP and 21.1% belonged to the cryo-ROP group. Fifteen eyes (8 non-ROP, 3 regressed ROP and 4 cryo-ROP) presented VAs between 20/25 and 20/60. VA of less then 20/60 was found in 6 eyes (2 non-ROP, 1 regressed ROP, 3 cryo-ROP). Cryotherapy did not appear to preclude the development of good VA.
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PMID:Refractive errors and ocular motility disorders in preterm babies with and without retinopathy of prematurity. 1051 17

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) continues to be an important cause of potentially preventable blindness worldwide. The pattern of visual impairment from ROP in some middle-income countries--high rates affecting larger and more mature infants--resembles that seen in more developed countries two decades ago and has been called a "third epidemic" of the disease. Expert bodies in the United Kingdom and the United States have recently issued new guidelines for screening for ROP that utilize both birth weight and gestational age criteria. Studies in both countries suggest these criteria might be further revised to decrease time spent on screening without missing any significant disease. Population-based follow-up studies of extremely preterm infants suggest that although more preterm infants are surviving, with adequate screening and treatment, rates of blindness from ROP may be declining. Further information on the longer-term impact of ROP comes from a number of studies and particularly the Multicenter Trial of Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity (CRYO-ROP) study. The risk of both myopia and strabismus is increased with any and each higher stage of ROP. Evidence is emerging that laser therapy for threshold disease may be associated with better visual outcome than cryotherapy, although complications following the former remain a concern. The fight against ROP may be enhanced by new information on the pathogenesis, including possible genetic predisposition and the role of vascular endothelial growth factor.
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PMID:Results of screening low-birth-weight infants for retinopathy of prematurity. 1053 72

A review of the literature on comitant strabismus of the period from April 1999 until April 2000 is presented. A rather new and increasingly important issue is the psychosocial aspect of strabismus. Two studies have demonstrated that strabismus creates a significant negative social prejudice on the patients and that it can significantly reduce an applicant's ability to obtain employment. Subsequently, strabismus surgery can no longer be called "cosmetic". Concerning the timing of surgery in congenital esotropia, it was reported that early surgery does not ensure continued alignment, but frequently requires additional operations. The increased risk of early-onset strabismus in prematurely born children was confirmed by several studies, and the importance of regular ophthalmologic controls of all preterm infants screened for retinopathy of prematurity was stressed. It was reported that risk factors are cicatricial retinopathy of prematurity, refractive error, family history of strabismus, and poor neurodevelopmental outcome, rather than low gestational age and regressed acute retinopathy of prematurity. A number of other aspects of interest concerning exotropia, esotropia, and dissociated vertical deviation are presented in this review.
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PMID:Comitant strabismus. 1114 95

To find out whether the cryotherapy for the treatment of the retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) causes structural changes of the extraocular muscle (EOM), and also whether the changes are related with the occurrence of strabismus. To examine the acute stage change, we conducted a transconjunctival cryotherapy around the superior rectus muscle of a rabbit and resected it 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after the cryotherapy. In observing chronic changes, we first categorized patients who had an esotropia surgery into groups, one of which combined prematurity and cryotherapy and one group affected by prematurity but without having had cryotherapy. Then we compared the change of EOM with that of a fullterm infant group. In a rabbit, edema, acute inflammatory cells and a large amount of degenerated muscle fibers were observed immediately after the cryotherapy and on the 3rd day. On the 7th day, regenerated muscle fibers were observed and on the 14th day, the inflammatory cells decreased and the amount of regenerated muscle fiber increased. On the 28th day, abnormal findings were not observed any more and the muscle was found to be normal. When chronic changes of EOM in human on 1 1/2 to 8 1/2 years after cryotherapy, there were no abnormal findings observed in three groups. From the study, we can infer that cryotherapy can cause acute inflammation and necrosis of muscle fiber but such an acute change will improve and does not result in structural change in the long term. Therefore, the occurrence of strabismus in patients with ROP is considered to be attributable to reasons other than injury of EOM.
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PMID:Extraocular muscle changes after cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity and the development of strabismus in premature infants. 1181 88

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is found in about 30% of premature infants with a birth weight < 1500 g and/or a gestational age < 32 weeks. Many risk factors are directly or indirectly involved in the development of ROP. The younger the child and therefore the more immature at birth, the greater the risk of ROP leading to short-sightedness or blindness. As a result of advances in obstetric and neonatal care, more immature and extremely low birth weight infants survive, and thorough ophthalmological screening for ROP is therefore essential. Timely detection (ROP stage 3) enables treatment with cryotherapy or laser therapy. Although the rate of success has increased with these forms of treatment, about 40% of the treated children retain a serious visual handicap. In the Netherlands, this involves about 10 children each year. At a later age, prematurely born children have a higher risk of developing other ophthalmologic problems such as strabismus, amblyopia and refractive errors. Again, timely detection and treatment reduces the risk of permanent visual disability.
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PMID:[Retinopathy in premature infants]. 1205 28

Preterm infants are more likely than term infants to have significant abnormalities of all parts of the visual system leading to reduced vision. The most common problem is retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The frequency and severity of this disorder is inversely related to gestational age. Damage ranges from minor to catastrophic. Preterm infants also have higher rates of amblyopia, strabismus, refractive error, and cortical visual impairment. The later problem is largely associated with neonatal brain injury. Years later, these children may develop glaucoma and retinal detachments.
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PMID:Ophthalmological problems of the premature infant. 1245 1

The personal author's experiences has been presented, with regards to the early discovering and adequate preventing of ophthalmology diseases at prematurely born children. Thanks to the development of perinatology, almost every organ can be monitored and functionally examined even before the child is born. Despite all problems, the work of ophthalmo-paediatritians is extremely challenging, because that is the only situation in which embryology of the eye can be seen "In Vitro" and in which the physiological development of the eye's function can been monitored. During the period from 1999 to 2002, it was examined 66 children in total, who had an anamnestical data about prematurity, as well as the data about delivery-weight. Out of these 66 children, there were 40 (60.6%) boys and 26 (39.4%) girls, with 1-4 of age. All children were examined by usual, in daily work available, examination methods. The biggest percentage of children (80%) were sent to us by the paediatritian-neonathologist, and 20% war sent from the Primary Health Care centers, or they were sent from other centers. At 52 (78.7%) of children, the certain changes on the eyes were found, while at 10 (15.1%) children no changes at all were found. At 4 (6.2%) cases, we found minor changes, but we monitored those children as well. Ophthalmology changes were found in almost all forms, from the most complicated (ROP, coloboma horioretinae, congenital glaucoma, congenital cataract), to the simpler ones on which are less difficult to treat (refraction changes, amblyopia, strabismus, ptosis etc). Since these changes are still present with prematuruses, it is necessary to intensively monitor this population, as a part of the multidisciplinary team, made of the experts of the different profiles (paediatritian-neonatologist, otologist, logopedist, ophthalmologist, etc), and which would be possible through the Register of Prematurity. Author introduces her own experience of ophthalmologic diseases in children who are categorized as "risky". A team of different specialists does treatment.
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PMID:[Pathologic ophthalmologic changes in prematurity]. 1276 53

To get a comprehensive picture of prematurity and neonatal death or survival, all factors on the maternal and fetal records that might be pertinent were recorded. This information, having to do with factors such as age, gravida of the mother, blood group incompatibility, period of gestation, weight at birth, type of delivery, medication and anesthesia administered to the mother, is presented in tabular form. In the study of perinatal mortality it was noted that failure to establish normal pulmonary ventilation is the most common cause of death in the neonatal period. Maternal history of relative infertility, that is, previous abortions, stillbirths and premature deliveries, was the most impressive finding in the stillborn series. In the follow-up study of premature infants who survived the neonatal period, 8.5 per cent were found to be severely handicapped. In four cases the handicap was due to congenital anomalies, in two others probably to infection, leaving 12 with complications possibly ascribable to prematurity. Six of these had retrolental fibroplasia as a major handicap. In seven, mental retardation was the presenting problem. Most of the handicapped children had multiple handicaps, which included spasticity, delayed motor development, strabismus, etc. The incidence of the necessity for corrective measures for feet and legs appeared relatively high. In general, survivors compared favorably with the rest of the childhood population. Complications and twinning were associated inordinately often.
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PMID:A five-year study of prematurity. 1330 92


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