Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Congenital or early infantile paralysis of the superior oblique muscle is primarily caused by congenital anomaly of the ocular muscles or by birth trauma, while the acquired is mostly caused by trauma, influenza, or acute infection. The diagnosis is done by Lancaster's test, the synoptophore, and the cover test in combination with prisms. For incooperative children, Park's three step test may be used. The angle of strabismus can be measured with the cover test and prisms, or by the synoptophore. For treatment, the patients were divided into (1) the group of prism correction, (2) the group of inferior oblique attenuation in the same eye, (3) the group of inferior rectus attenuation in the other eye, (4) the group of inferior oblique attenuation in the same eye combined with inferior rectus attenuation in the other eye, and (5) the group of superior oblique paralysis complicated with horizontal heterotropia. The immediate and longterm curative effect had been satisfactory. It is important to differentiate congenital cases from the acquired, the primary torticollis from that of ophthalmic origin, and the paralysis of superior oblique in one eye from the paralysis of the superior rectus in the other eye.
 ...
PMID:[Analysis of 138 cases of superior oblique muscle paralysis]. 239 Sep

The paper reports on the case of a 6-year-old child with OD congenital glaucoma and increase of the ocular globe volume with ruptures of Descemet's membrane. VARE = 1/8 non correcting, VALE = 34 mmHg, RE--divergent strabismus. The left microphthalmus with the corneal diameter of 9 mm. Normal karyotype. Trabeculectomy was performed at the right eye. Good postsurgical evolution. This is a case of phenocopy because in the development and formation of the iridocorneal angle in the sixth month of pregnancy, a series of extrinsic teratogenous factors appeared: measles, influenza, toxemia of pregnancy that produced modifications of the trabecula.
 ...
PMID:[Unilateral congenital glaucoma]. 252 99

Botulinum toxin blocks acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. The drug which was initially found to be useful in the treatment of strabismus has been extremely effective in the treatment of variety of conditions, both cosmetic and noncosmetic. Some of the noncosmetic uses of botulinum toxin applications include treatment of spastic facial dystonias, temporary treatment of idiopathic or thyroid dysfunction-induced upper eyelid retraction, suppression of undesired hyperlacrimation, induction of temporary ptosis by chemodenervation in facial paralysis, and correction of lower eyelid spastic entropion. Additional periocular uses include control of synchronic eyelid and extraocular muscle movements after aberrant regeneration of cranial nerve palsies. Cosmetic effects of botulinum toxin were discovered accidentally during treatments of facial dystonias. Some of the emerging nonperiocular application for the drug includes treatment of hyperhidrosis, migraine, tension-type headaches, and paralytic spasticity. Some of the undesired side effects of periocular applications of botulinum toxin inlcude ecchymosis, rash, hematoma, headache, flu-like symptoms, nausea, dizziness, loss of facial expression, lower eyelid laxity, dermatochalasis, ectropion, epiphora, eyebrow and eyelid ptosis, lagophthalmos, keratitis sicca, and diplopia.
 ...
PMID:Noncosmetic periocular therapeutic applications of botulinum toxin. 2061 16

The authors describe an 11-year-old boy developing bilateral acute anterior uveitis, papillitis in one eye, and neuroretinitis in the other eye after an upper respiratory tract infection of influenza A virus, possibly H1N1. Steroid pulse therapy resolved these conditions. The authors recommend alertness for visual blurring and ocular inflammation after influenza A infection.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2011 Jul 06
PMID:Acute anterior uveitis and optic neuritis as ocular complications of influenza A infection in an 11-year-old boy. 2173 77

This retrospective study aimed to examine the safety of botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) treatment in a paediatric multidisciplinary cerebral palsy clinic. In a sample of 454 patients who had 1515 BoNT-A sessions, data on adverse events were available in 356 patients and 1382 sessions; 51 non-fatal adverse events were reported (3.3% of the total injections number, 8.7% of the patients). On five occasions, the adverse reactions observed in GMFCS V children were attributed to the sedation used (rectal midazolam plus pethidine; buccal midazolam) and resulted in prolongation of hospitalization. Of the reactions attributed to the toxin, 23 involved an excessive reduction of the muscle tone either of the injected limb(s) or generalized; others included local pain, restlessness, lethargy with pallor, disturbance in swallowing and speech production, seizures, strabismus, excessive sweating, constipation, vomiting, a flu-like syndrome and emerging hypertonus in adjacent muscles. Their incidence was associated with GMFCS level and with the presence of epilepsy (Odds ratio (OR) = 2.74 - p = 0.016 and OR = 2.35 - p = 0.046, respectively) but not with BoNT-A dose (either total or per kilogram). In conclusion, treatment with BoNT-A was safe; adverse reactions were mostly mild even for severely affected patients. Their appearance did not necessitate major changes in our practice.
 ...
PMID:Safety of botulinum toxin A in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy in a pragmatic setting. 2348 50

Several cases of acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) with influenza A (H1N1) have been reported to date. The prognosis of ANE associated with H1N1 is variable; some cases resulted in severe neurologic complication, whereas other cases were fatal. Reports mostly focused on the diagnosis of ANE with H1N1 infection, rather than functional recovery. We report a case of ANE with H1N1 infection in a 4-year-old Korean girl who rapidly developed fever, seizure, and altered mentality, as well as had neurologic sequelae of ataxia, intentional tremor, strabismus, and dysarthria. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed lesions in the bilateral thalami, pons, and left basal ganglia. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ANE caused by H1N1 infection and its long-term functional recovery in Korea.
 ...
PMID:Novel Influenza A (H1N1)-Associated Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy: A Case Report. 2370 27