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Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a six-year-old girl with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome the ophthalmological findings were as follows: bushy brows, hypertelorism, epicanthus, an antimongoloid slant to the eyelids and hyperopia with an alternating convergent squint. In the sixth year of life juvenile glaucoma with deep cupping of the disk was found.
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PMID:[Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and juvenile glaucoma]. 688 49

In a series of 24 patients with Turner's syndrome, amblyopia was found to be present in ten (41.6 per cent), strabismus in nine (37.5 per cent), hypermetropia in ten (41.6 per cent), ptosis in seven (29.1 per cent), and bilateral epicanthus in eleven (45.8 per cent) cases. Turner (1938) described a syndrome of infantilism, congenital webbed neck, and cubitus valgus, which has come to be known as Turner's syndrome. Since then many cases have been reported and multiple other associated features have also been recognized. Isolated ocular features have been mentioned in some sporadic case reports (Cunningham and Harley, 1951; Laurent, Royer, and Noel, 1961; Lessell and Forbes, 1966; Khodadoust and Paton, 1967; Szymanska and Szymanski, 1976; Troupe and Troupe, 1981). So far no significant series of cases has been studied to assess the ocular defects. This report of a series of 24 patients presents classified ophthalmic features.
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PMID:Ocular manifestations of Turner's syndrome. 696 61

This study was undertaken to explain the possible correlation between heterophoria and stereopsis because, in the literature, there are different opinions. The subjects were 806 recruits. They were trained as rangefinder men, of whom a perfect stereopsis is required. The permitted maximal limits of heterophoria were 1 prism diopter (PrD) vertically, of esophoria 5 PrD, and of exophoria 6 PrD. Soldiers wit abnormal stereopsis, myopia, hyperopia more than 1.75, or astigmatism over 0.50 diopters, were omitted. The heterophoria was tested with Herschel's prism to 5 m distance. The stereoscopic vision was investigated using Pulfrich's device and the so-called three-needle test. No statistically significant correlation could be demonstrated between heterophoria and the degree of stereopsis. Surprisingly, it could be noticed that persons with esopheria finshed Pulfrich's test more quickly than those with exophoria. This difference was statistically highly significant. In the three-needle test, the results had the same trend. This might have some importance to rangefinder men and to pilots if it can be confirmed in the military practice.
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PMID:On the significance of heterophoria for stereoscopic vision. 708 58

Two hundred fifty-two undamaged human fetuses without external malformations were supplied by the human embryo and fetus collection of the Department of Anatomy, Kyoto University. The sagittal, vertical and horizontal diameters of the eyeball were measured by micrometer, and the transverse, vertical and horizontal circumferences of the eyeball were measured by mapmeter from photographs of the side views of the eye. All the diameters of the eyeball showed a parallel linear increase from the 12th to the 40th week of menstrual age. The increase of circumferences of the eyeball paralleled each other throughout the 12th to the 40th week. It is significant that the sagittal diameter of the eyeball is shorter than the vertical and transverse diameters during fetal life. The vertical meridian circumference of the eyeball is also shorter than the transverse and horizontal meridian circumferences during fetal life. These findings suggest that many infants are apt to have hyperopia at birth.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Development of the eyeball during fetal life. 726 57

Screening of 38,000 infants, age 1 to 2 1/2 years, showed a prevalence of 1.3% of strabismus and 0.5% of strabismic amblyopia. Esotropia was more than three times as frequent as exotropia. Approximately half of the cases with esotropia were amblyopic. Eighty-one percent of the cases with exotropia were intermittent, and in 29% the V-pattern was found. Significant ametropia was found in over 50% of the cases with strabismus. Although hypermetropia was the most frequent refraction in children with esotropia, myopia was a frequent finding in both esotropia and exotropia. Anisometroia was particularly frequent in constant unilateral esotropia. Accommodative strabismus was found in 7% of cases with infantile esotropia. In cases with paralytic strabismus, the most frequent muscle involved was the lateral rectus. Significant organic pathology, other than strabismus or amblyopia, was revealed in 0.2% of the series. "Rapid retinoscopy" through undilated pupils is an efficient method in detecting high refractive errors and candidates for nonstrabismic amblyopia in childhood. Since this method of examination is easy to perform, its adoption as a part of screening projects in childhood is recommended. "Rapid retinoscopy" performed by a trained orthoptist is also a useful method for detecting opacities in the ocular media.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Ophthalmic screening of 38,000 children, age 1 to 2 1/2 years, in child welfare clinics. 741 41

A group of 79 prematurely born children was assessed ophthalmologically at the age of 12 and compared with a group of 100 12 years old children born at term. Of the 79 children, results of neonatal eye examinations were available in 26 prematures (52 eyes). In 28 eyes no signs of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) were detected (non-ROP group). In 24 eyes a stage 1 or 2 retinopathy of prematurity was present (ROB group). 75% of the children with ROP had an ophthalmological problem. Myopia (29%), hypermetropia (21%), astigmatism (37%) and strabismus (33%) were significantly higher. Considering the whole group of prematurely born children, there was more astigmatism (11%) and strabismus (13%). Preterm children, with or without ROP, are more prone to develop ocular problems.
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PMID:Ocular findings in prematurely born children at the age of 12. 749 28

We assessed refractive errors in 19 monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) raised with experimentally produced strabismus or unilateral defocus. These procedures resulted in hyperopic anisometropia in 10 monkeys. All 10 of the hyperopic animals were amblyopic; the amblyopic eye was always the more hyperopic eye. The degree of anisometropia was correlated with the degree of amblyopia. Hyperopic anisometropia did not develop in non-amblyopic animals. There was an association between early onset of visual abnormality and later development of hyperopic anisometropia. Since the refractive changes were correlated with changes in axial length and vitreous chamber depth, we suggest that amblyopia may cause alterations in eye growth and late-onset hyperopia.
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PMID:Does experimentally-induced amblyopia cause hyperopia in monkeys? 761 May 89

1119 hypermetropic children have been followed from the age of 6 months to 3 1/2 years. Observations are reported on (i) the changes in their refraction and (ii) their accommodation. Children who eventually had either a convergent squint or a microtropia were significantly (i) less likely to have spontaneously reduced their hypermetropia, and (ii) more likely to have problems with their accommodation, than those who had no squint. These abnormalities were demonstrated in both the fixing and the non-fixing eyes. There was no obvious difference between the findings for children who had microtropia and squint. We suggest that there was a basic defect in the function, and/or the development, of the visual systems relating to both fixing and non-fixing eyes of children who had squint or microtropia; and that this defect was present before squint or microtropia were diagnosed. The question of whether this defect had a congenital or an acquired (form vision deprivation) cause is discussed.
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PMID:Emmetropisation and accommodation in hypermetropic children before they show signs of squint--a preliminary analysis. 763 30

Simultaneous horizontal and cyclovertical surgery gives better results than pure horizontal surgery; not only binocular vision reappears immediately and spontaneously but the accommodative component of the squint disappears as well. The question is to know why simultaneous surgery gives such good results. We think that the reduction of the vertical deviations associated with horizontal strabismus may give an explanation. In our experience, a vertical deviation is often present in accommodative strabismus and can disrupt fusion. The hemiretinal suppression which follows, puts the vergence system into open loop. The accommodative vergence caused by hypermetropia becomes manifest so that the correction needs to be reinforced frequently. In a young child this may impede the emmetropisation process. In addition, the spectacles being associated with strabismus, may be the source of psychological complexes. The fact that the squint is not cured and the deviation reappears without spectacles gives us the right to look for a more adequate remedy. The good results we obtained with simultaneous horizontal and cyclovertical surgery and especially the disappearance of the accommodative element encouraged us to operate accommodative strabismus.
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PMID:[The Leiden school]. 763 34

To assess the prevalence and causes of ocular abnormalities in children, we performed a cross-sectional survey with cluster sampling in Madagascar in Antananarivo primary schools in October 1994. Our other aim was to sensitize the sanitary authorities and the students of ophthalmology to the notion of public health ophthalmology in a country where a national blindness prevention program is being established. 1,081 children aged from 8 to 14 years (mean age 10.6 years) were examined. 51, or 4.7%, were diagnosed as having ocular abnormalities. These abnormalities were distributed as follows: 22 cases or 2% of the sample had refractive errors including 0.74% with myopia of less than 6 dioptrics, 0.18% with myopia of more than 6 dioptrics, 0.83% with hypermetropia of less than 6 dioptrics, and 0.28% with hypermetropia of more than 6 dioptrics; 15 cases or 1.4% of the sample had unilateral amblyopia including 0.9% with anisometropia, 0.37% with strabismus, and 0.09% with macular pathology; 8 cases or 0.74% of the sample had strabismus without amblyopia; and 6 cases or 0.57% of the sample had simple medical pathology. The results showed that 29 children were supposed to have an optic correction, including surgical treatment for 12 and medical treatment for 6. The same low frequencies of ocular abnormalities, mainly concerning refractive errors, were found in the literature. However, children suffering from important visual impairment do not attend school, and we cannot generalize the above results for the whole population.
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PMID:[A survey of the prevalence and causes of eye disorders in primary school children in Antananarivo]. 764 Aug 99


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