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Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report a meta-analysis of studies of the relation of vision anomalies to reading skill. Meta-analysis is a quantitative technique for combining the results of multiple studies that reduces the subjectivity of literature reviews. The results of the analysis of 34 studies of vision anomalies and reading skill that met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis showed that hyperopia, exophoria at near, vertical phoria, anisometropia, and aniseikonia are associated with below average reading performance. Myopia and esophoria and esophoria at far are associated with average and above average reading performance. Reduced visual acuity, astigmatism, esophoria at near, fusional convergence and divergence, strabismus, nearpoint of convergence, and stereopsis were not found to be associated with reading performance.
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PMID:Vision anomalies and reading skill: a meta-analysis of the literature. 325 37

We analyzed the claim that accommodative esotropia tends to deteriorate with greater frequency if the accommodation convergence relationship (AC/A) is high. Records of 119 patients whose eyes were aligned with spectacles alone were studied. Their AC/A relationships were graded according to the difference between the distance and near measurements: normal included 0 to 9 prism diopters (delta) difference; grade 1 ranged from 10 to 19 delta difference; grade 2 from 20 to 29 delta difference; and in grade 3 the difference was 30 delta or greater. Deterioration is characterized by a nonaccommodative component of esotropia greater than 10 delta at distance becoming superimposed on the initial accommodative esotropia. Deterioration occurred in 7.7% of patients with a normal AC/A, 25% with grade 1 high AC/A, 44% with grade 2 high AC/A, and 52% with grade 3 high AC/A. Hypotheses were investigated using chi square, t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and log linear analyses. Distributional differences were highly significant by chi square test (p = 0.001) with a rejection of the null hypothesis of no difference between the groups at the alpha = 0.05 level. An alternate analysis of average AC/A ratio in the deteriorated versus nondeteriorated patients was equally statistically significant by the t-test. Hypermetropia was significantly higher in the normal AC/A group. Multi-factor comparisons showed that time-to-deterioration, treatment delay, age of onset, and amblyopia were factors that did not relate significantly to the incidence of deterioration.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Rate of deterioration in accommodative esotropia correlated to the AC/A relationship. 334 41

Nine cases of esotropia occurring in deprivation amblyopia, where exotropia rather than esotropia is usually found, showed a refractive error of hypermetropia. This fact suggested that an accommodative factor is largely responsible for the development of esotropia. A- or V-pattern strabismus was encountered in a higher incidence in deprivation amblyopia than in ordinary strabismus. Pattern-reversal VEP showed more prominent abnormality than flash VEP did. Studies of the sensitive period of the visual system revealed that the sensitivity is likely to be low for a month or two after birth and increases with a peak around the 18th month of age, decreasing thereafter with a waning slope to the end of the 8th year of life.
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PMID:Form vision deprivation amblyopia: further observations. 336 Mar 38

Acute acquired comitant esotropia in the older child, adolescent, and young adult may represent uncorrected accommodative esotropia. Three young patients developed spontaneous diplopia associated with acute comitant esotropia. In all cases, cycloplegic refraction revealed high uncorrected hyperopia suggesting late onset accommodative esotropia. However, for one patient an intracranial neoplasm precipitated the strabismus and for the other patients the hyperopic correction did not alter the deviation. Clinicians confronted with older children or adolescent patients with acute comitant esotropia associated with large uncorrected hyperopia should not hastily classify the deviation as being accommodative in etiology. Although the latter is possible, the hyperopia may be coincidental and masking an underlying mechanism.
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PMID:Acute acquired comitant esotropia simulating late onset accommodative esotropia. 340 89

Binocular accommodation of 150 consecutive hyperopic and 150 myopic school children was measured during the eye examination. There were 99 girls and 51 boys in the hyperopic group and 100 girls and 50 boys in the myopic group. The ages varied from seven to 16 years. Accommodation of the hyperopic children varied from 4 to 20 D (mean 10.6 +/- 3.4), and in the myopic children also from 4 to 20 D (mean 10.9 +/- 2.5). The difference between these means was not statistically significant. However, hyperopic girls aged 12 to 16 years showed low values of accommodation (mean 9.0 +/- 2.7) compared to the other corresponding age groups. In the second part of the study the refraction of 80 children, aged seven to 15 years, with decreased accommodation was studied retrospectively to see if they had a tendency to become myopic. The follow-up time was from one to eight years, and the accommodation at the beginning of the observation time varied from 2 to 7 D. The mean annual change of the refraction of these children was from -0.03 to -0.17 D. In 34 children there was no change at all, and in 12 children the change of refraction was slightly toward more hyperopia. Only three of these 80 children became myopic during the observation time. This incidence is lower than the incidence of myopia at these ages. Thus, accommodative power of hyperopic and myopic school children appears to be on the same level, and low accommodation does not predict the development of myopic refraction in the school years.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Accommodation in hyperopic and myopic school children. 355 51

Fifty children shunted for hydrocephalus aged 5-17 years underwent a later ophthalmological examination. Corrected vision of 0.9 or less was found in 45 out of 93 eyes; in 21 patients this was the vision of both eyes. Corrected vision 0.3 or less was found in 7 eyes; in 3 patients this was the vision of both eyes. Hyperopia greater than or equal to +2.0 D was found in 20%, myopia greater than or equal to -0.5 D in 13% and astigmatism greater than or equal to 1.0 D in 25.5% of 98 eyes. Clear nystagmus was present in 18% of patients. Heterophoria was found in 20% and manifest horizontal strabismus in 33%, but no paretic squint. The optic disc was considered normal in 36 out of 100 eyes on ophthalmoscopy and in 35 out of 78 eyes on colour photography. Retinal nerve fibre layer photographs showed normal nerve fibres in 49 out of 71 eyes. The Friedmann field was in the normal range in 33 out of 53 eyes, and the Goldmann field was normal in 37 out of 44 eyes. Right homonymous hemianopia was discovered in 2 patients. The Harrington-Flocks field was normal in 17 out of 24 eyes, and 1 patient had left homonymous hemianopia. The HRR test showed a red-green disturbance in 22 out of 71 eyes. The Farnsworth panel D-15 desaturated test was entirely normal in only 4 out of 65 eyes, but the errors were only slight in 48 cases.
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PMID:Ophthalmic changes in hydrocephalus. A follow-up examination of 50 patients treated with shunts. 357 10

A retrospective analysis was performed on the records of 184 children who had hyperopia of at least 4.0 diopters in each eye to see if bilateral amblyopia was more than just a rare occurrence and to evaluate how well it responded to treatment. Twelve patients were found to have bilateral amblyopia of 20/50 or worse. The mean age at diagnosis was four and a half years (two and a half to six and a half) and mean follow-up was 22 months (five months to seven years, four months). Ten of 12 patients showed improvement of vision to 20/40 or better in both eyes. Treatment consisted of full cycloplegic correction in all cases. Six patients had accommodative esotropia but this did not account for the bilateral nature of the amblyopia. Bilateral amblyopia should be considered in patients with large amounts of hyperopia. It responds well to treatment with standard amblyopia therapy.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Bilateral hypermetropic amblyopia. 358 55

Adie's syndrome comprises a tonic pupil, which may be associated with impairment of accommodation, in the presence of diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes. We report a case of a 4-year-old boy with Adie's syndrome in which latent hypermetropia was made manifest by accommodative paresis and resulted in reversible amblyopia.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Adie's syndrome as a cause of amblyopia. 366 64

We measured vision function in a number of 7-month-old infants with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and compared these findings to those for 7-month-old infants of normal birth weight. The IUGR infants had an average visual acuity of 6/162 (20/540) and an average spherical refractive error of 1.49 D hyperopia. The normal birth weight infants had an average visual acuity of 6/118.8 (20/396) and an average spherical refractive error of 0.94 D hyperopia. However, the differences between the infant groups for visual acuity and refractive error were not statistically significant. Anisometropia, astigmatism, and strabismus were infrequent for both infant groups. The results of this study suggest that IUGR infants have visual abilities resembling those of normal birth weight infants.
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PMID:Clinical comparison of the visual parameters in infants with intrauterine growth retardation vs. infants with normal birth weight. 377 18

This report examines the persistence of many cases of accommodative esotropia well beyond the expected time of resolution (age 10 to 12 years) and the potential usefulness of any associated clinical features to predict timely or delayed disappearance. In a series of 202 patients, there was no discrete age of improvement and more than half persisted after age 10 years. The results were similar for both high and normal accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio cases. Initial hyperopia did not predict persistence; subsequent increases prior to age 7 years, and decreases thereafter, were different statistically but were clinically similar. Moreover, the occurrence of inferior oblique overaction and of dissociated vertical deviation, as well as a family history of strabismus, did not predict persistence or delayed improvement.
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PMID:Persisting accommodative esotropia. 378 77


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