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Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although reading ability is known to be related to a large number of factors, when a child having a reading problem is brought to an optometrist he (or she) has the responsibility of determining whether or not a visual anomaly may be a major or contributing cause of the reading problem. A review of the literature indicates that myopia is consistently associated with good reading performance; and that hypermetropia, astigmatism, lateral phorias, poor fusional vergences, strabismus and color vision anomalies tend to be associated with poorer than average reading performance. Well-designed and well-controlled studies are needed, particularly concerning the effect on reading ability of the correction of visual anomalies. Until such studies have been done, any child who has a reading problem deserves a thorough optometric or ophthalmologic examination and the correction of any visual anomalies found.
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PMID:Are visual anomalies related to reading ability? 30 32

Author attempts to explain the rise of infantile convergent squint, when the hypermetropia is less than 3,5 diopter. In such cases the low hypermetropia is relative in the sense of Donders, because a sometimes isometropic aniseikonia prevents the fusion. To examine the aniseikonia he recommands a very simple procedure, the comparison test, carried out joined to the cover test.
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PMID:[Strabogenesis in case of low hypermetropia, in addition a simple comparison test to detect aniseikonia (author's transl)]. 43 Oct 21

Six patients with a congenital malformation of the retina and pigment epithelium had a slightly elevated greenish-blue or gray lesion in the macular area or fundus periphery composed of a flat, outer pigmented portion consisting of a layer of hyperpigmented, presumably hypertrophied retinal pigment epithelium and a prominent, unpigmented inner portion consisting of malformed thickened retina. Marked tortuosity of the retinal vessels was explained by an intraretinal disturbance of the retinal layering and the presence of preretinal membranes. Angiography revealed blockage of the background fluorescence caused by the abnormal retinal pigment epithelium and leakage from dilated, abnormal capillaries. Typically, the lesion was unilateral and was found in children or young adults who had monocular strabismus, reduced visual acuity, and often hyperopia. Most of the patients were males, and their cases were frequently misdiagnosed as tumors.
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PMID:Congenital retino-pigment epithelial malformation, previously described as hamartoma. 43 51

215 preschool siblings of children presenting with squint/amblyopia were screened by refraction after cycloplegia. The presence of +2.00 or more D of spherical hypermetropia in both eyes, or +1.00 or more D sphere or cylinder of anisometropia was significantly associated (P=0.0779%) with that child being identified 2+ years later as having either squint or amblyopia or both. Astigmatism of +1.50 or more D in either eye was significantly associated with anisometropia (P=0.000 0013%). If bilateral hypermetropia of +2.00 or more DS and/or +1.50 or more D of astigmatism in either eye had been taken as criteria for abnormality (ignoring anisometropia), there was a more significant association (P=0.0025%) between refraction and squint/amblyopia in these siblings. Such a child had 4 times more chance of having a visual defect than one who had no error of refraction when screened. These findings suggest that an environmental factor such as blurred vision may be relatively more important as a cause of squint/amblyopia than a genetically determined neurological abnormality.
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PMID:Refraction as a means of predicting squint or amblyopia in preschool siblings of children known to have these defects. 43 40

Cycloplegic refraction of 1-year-old children is technically possible and is acceptable to mothers as a method for screening children for visual defects. The range of refractions found in a sample of 186 1-year-old children is reported. Prediction of which children are significantly at risk for squint and/or amblyopia is possible on the basis of refractions at age 1 year according to the criteria selected for an 'abnormal' refraction. Bilateral hypermetropia and/or astigmatism or anisometropia at age 1 year was significantly (P less than 1 in 10 000) associated with a child eventually being found to have squint or amblyopia. Both the age of screening and criteria of abnormality will probably need modification. +2.50 or more D hypermetropia in any one meridian of either eye at age 1 year was even more significantly (P = 0.000 000 05%) associated with squint and/or amblyopia. The possibility that meridional hypermetropia could be the basic defect in squint and amblyopia is discussed.
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PMID:Screening for refractive errors at age 1 year: a pilot study. 43 41

A six-year-old girl was noted to develop alternate day esotropia three years following surgery for a moderate "v" esotropia. Many of the usual features of cyclic esotropia, including moderate hypermetropia, mild amblyopia, moderate to large deviation, a 48-hour cyclic pattern, and a high AC/C ratio were present. A therapeutic trial with strong miotics was unsuccessful. Saccadic velocity studies revealed no evidence of lateral rectus palsy. No fluctuations in pupillary size or response, refractive errors, accommodative amplitude, visual acuity, blood pressure, behavior, and the electroencephalographic pattern were noted. Following bimedial recession surgery, the eyes have remained straight and the cyclic pattern has been abolished for a two and one half year follow-up period. There is evidence to suggest that these patients are basically strabismic with cycles of remission.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Alternate day esotropia. 43 29

Twenty two strabismus and 106 straight eyed patients with anatomically normal eyes were first photographed with a conventional camera equipped with a weak 100 mm teleobjective and coaxial flashlight and then examined clinically. The possibility of detecting strabismus, anisometropias and ametropias in the photographs by noting the localisation of the corneal reflexes and examining the appearance and lightness of the fundus reflexes and their possible asymmetry were tested in a double blind study. Even small angled strabismus cases could be found because of the asymmetrical localisation of the corneal reflexes. In 18 of the 22 strabismus cases (82%) there was asymmetrical lightness of the fundus reflexes and the fundus reflex of the deviating eye was lighter than that of the fixating eye. All the straight eyed anisometropias of 3.0 diopters or more (five cases) were observed in the photographs because of the asymmetrical appearance of the fundus reflexes. In straight eyed anisometropias of under 3.0 diopters, the fundus reflexes were symmetrical in 90 cases and asymmetrical in 11 cases (11%). Only three out of eight hyperopias of fomr +4.5 to +6.0 diopters were found because of the light crescent in the low part of the pupil. All myopias of over -4.0 diopters (14 cases) were observed because of the light crescent appearance in the upper part of the pupil. No pupillary crescents appeared with refractions of less than -1.75 diopters myopia or less than +4.5 diopters hyperopia; 172 eyes came within this range. Even a technician can perform, without premedication, the method tested here for rapid and simple screening to detect strabismus and straight eyed anisometropias of 3.0 diopters or more in small children or other patients who do not co-operate well in normal clinical examination. Over -4.0 diopters myopias can also be found. The method was rather unreliable for finding hyperopias, presumably because no cycloplegic drops were used.
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PMID:A clinical study on the detection of strabismus, anisometropia or ametropia of children by simultaneous photography of the corneal and the fundus reflexes. 52 83

Variations in the area of the insertions of the rectus muscles are quite often observed. We have been paying more attention to these changes during the past year, and therefore we measured the distance of insertion from the corneal limbus during 310 squint operations. Furthermore we noted the width of the tendon at the insertion, atypical forms of insertions and finally we tried to evaluate the factor of muscular elasticity. The findings are as follows: 1. The arithmetical mean of the distance of insertion from the limbus was slightly less than cited in literature on this subject. It was not unusual to find variations of up to 4mm, even between the same muscles of both eyes. This seems to have little influence on the primary position and on the success of surgical interventions; when they do not exceed the measures cited in our paper. The relatively great area of contact will balance these variations. 2. We could not find a correlation between anomalies of refraction and the distance of insertions of the limbus. The insertions of higher degree hyperopia was not closer to the limbus. 3. The arithmetical mean of the width of tendon conformed to the values as shown in the literature. A range up to 8 mm for the medial rectus, up to 5,5 mm for the lateral rectus and up to 2,5 mm for the vertical rectus were observed. 4. We could see variations of the insertions: upward and downward and furthermore different lines of insertions: arched and step-like. These anomalies were found 52 times among the 310 muscles measured. 5. An increased muscular rigidity was felt in 56 medial rectus and in 13 lateral rectus muscels. In 21 cases the course of the horizontal muscles was atypical, i.e., they ran from below diagonally out of the orbita.
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PMID:[Variations in the muscular insertion, the course and elasticity of the muscles in people suffering from squint (author's transl)]. 52 54

A comparative study of the cycloplegic effect of 1% cyclopentolate and atropine or homatropine was done by means of Lindner's method of retinoscopy. In 53% of 1.5- to 6-year-old strabismic patients the hypermetropic refraction was higher (average 0.6 dpt) under the use of atropine, and in 27% of 6- to 11-year-old children cyclopentolate was more effective than homatropine (average 0.5 dpt). Therefore, atropine should be used for children with convergent squint up to 6 years, in order to get full correction of hypermetropia. In other cases cyclopentolate is preferable because of its rapid and strong efficiency of brief duration.
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PMID:[Cycloplegia with cyclopentolate for testing-refraction of children (author's transl)]. 58 36

The author presents a detailed analysis of hypermetropia. He defines its three pathogenetically important forms:--facultative, relative and absolute, starting from the principles of Donders and based upon the dioptrics of Gullstrand. The author then deals with the pathological processes caused by hypermetropia, especially with the formation of strabismus. Finally he discusses the effects of the three forms of hypermetropia and of the associated other deficiencies of refraction.
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PMID:[The different forms of hypermetropia and the necessity of their precise correction (author's transl)]. 64 85


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