Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

One hundred individuals suffering from Endemic Cretinism were studied. There were 55 males and 45 females. 62% of the cretins had visible goitre. Thirty nine (62.9%) goitrous cretins had grade II goitre. Neurological cretinism was the predominant type encountered (99%) and Myxoedematous cretinism was seen in only one patient. The most salient neurological feature was deaf-mutism seen in 74%. Findings in the motor system were, apart from deaf-mutism, the most characteristic feature of the condition on clinical examination. 58% had exaggerated deep tendon reflexes and 31% had extensor plantar response. Squint was noticed in 29%. Familial aggregation was noticed and was striking. Endemic cretinism is a distinctive and easily identifiable clinical entity and is an important indicator of the severity of iodine deficiency in a community.
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PMID:Clinical study of endemic cretinism in south Sikkim. 800 63

Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) affects 800 million people in the world, yet iodine supplementation is one of the most cost-effective nutritional interventions known. Iodine is incorporated into thyroid hormones, necessary for regulating metabolic rate, growth, and development of the brain and nervous system. IDD may appear as goiter in adults, usually not a serious problem, or in cretinism in children, which is marked by severe mental and physical retardation, with irreversible hearing and speech defects and either deaf-mutism, squint and paralysis, or stunting and edema. Children supplemented by age 1 or 2 can sometimes be helped. Foods contain variable amounts of iodine dependent on the soil where they are grown, hence mountainous and some inland regions have high goiter and IDD incidence. There are also goitrogenic foods, typically those of the cabbage family. Diagnosis is clinical or by blood tests for thyroid hormone levels and ratios. Finger-stick methods are available. Prevention of IDD is simple with either iodized salt or flour, iodinated central water supplies, injectable or oral iodine-containing oil. All cost about $.04 per person per year, except injections, which cost about $1 per person, but have the advantage that they could be combined with immunizations. Local problems with supplements are loss of iodine in salt with storage in tropics, and local production of cheaper uniodinated salt. Emphasis should be given to pregnant women and young children. There is no harm in giving pregnant women iodine injections in 2nd or 3rd trimester.
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PMID:Iodine deficiency disorders. 1234 33

Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) syndrome is caused by mutations in THRB gene and is inherited mainly as an autosomal dominant trait with dominant negative effect. Most of up-to-now described RTH cases were heterozygous. We studied a 19-year-old woman presenting severe mental impairment, hyperkinetic behavior, learning disability, hearing loss, tachycardia, goiter, strabismus, nystagmus, and normal stature. The laboratory findings revealed elevated TSH, T3, and T4 serum levels. Her parents were healthy with normal serum level of TSH, fT3, and fT4. Sequence based prediction of a substitution was analyzed by SDM, PolPhen, and SNAP software whereas structural visualizations were performed in UCSF Chimera. We found a novel mutation in THRB gene in position 1216 (G to A transition, codon 311) resulting in novel Glu-311-Lys (p.E311K) substitution, homozygous in proband presenting with severe symptoms of RTH and heterozygous in both of her healthy parents, thus suggesting autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. p.E311K substitution was not found in 50 healthy, unrelated individuals. p.E311K was shown to be deleterious by SDM, PolPhen, and SNAP software. Structural visualizations of mutated protein performed by UCSF Chimera software disclosed a loss of hydrogen bonds between E311, R383, and R429 along with abnormal residue-residue contact between K311 and L377. This is a very rare case of a homozygous mutation in a patient with severe symptoms of RTH and lack of symptoms in both heterozygous parents. Although, computational analyses have provided the evidence that p.E311K substitution may affect THRB function, lack of dominant negative effect typical for THRB mutations could not be explained by structure-based modeling. Further in vitro analysis is required to assess the functional consequences of this substitution.
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PMID:A novel p.E311K mutation of thyroid receptor beta gene in resistance to thyroid hormone syndrome, inherited in autosomal recessive trait. 2269 45

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis rarely presents as thyroid involvement along with other manifestations, and poses a diagnostic challenge on account of paucibacillary nature of disease. In general, the diagnosis of tuberculosis is based on epidemiological risk factors, clinical features, imaging studies, in addition to a positive skin testing or Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA). A 14-year boy presented with history of fever and weight loss for one year. On examination, he had painful swelling of fingers and toes along with a painless thyroid nodule and squint. Hand X-ray showed lytic-sclerotic lesions in phalanges. MRI of brian showed multiple ring enhancing lesions and radionuclide thyroid scan showed multinodular goitre. Histology showed epithelioid cell granulomas (thyroid and bone) and tuberculomas of brain confirmed tuberculosis. He responded well to four-drug anti-tuberculous therapy and his fever, squint, thyroid nodule, and dactylitis disappeared. Tuberculosis of thyroid, a rare phenomenon, can be diagnosed and treated well; if clinical index of suspicion is kept high, particularly in tuberculosis prevalent areas.
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PMID:Tuberculous Dactylitis with Concomitant Thyroid Involvement: A Rare Presentation of Childhood Tuberculosis. 2830 34