Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In Kuopio, Finland, vision screening for school children is done by school nurses once every 2 years. All children who have impaired vision, suspected strabismus or heterophoria, suspected eye disease or ocular discomfort, are sent for an eye examination to the ophthalmologist at the Community Health Centre, Kuopio. In 1977 the number of children referred for eye examination was 741 and 1134 in 1984. One hundred consecutive eye examinations were analysed both in 1977 and 1984. There were more girls than boys in both materials: 63 girls and 37 boys in 1977 and 60 girls and 40 boys in 1984. This difference between girls and boys was statistically highly significant in 1977 and significant in 1984. There was no significant difference in age distribution in 1977 and 1984. The largest age group was the 13-year-olds; in 1977 there were 13 and in 1984 22 children in this age group. In 1977, impaired vision (34 children) and in 1984 check-up on glasses (56 children) were the most common reasons for examination. The most usual finding in both years was myopic refraction; 52 cases in 1977 and 58 cases in 1984. It is noteworthy that in 1977 there were 16 children with normal eye examination but in 1984 there were only 6. This difference is almost significant. The cooperation between the ophthalmologist and the school nurses may account for this change.
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PMID:Vision screening and eye examination of school children. 408 3

We reviewed 67 cases of inferior rectus muscle recession. In 14 cases, the hypotropia was corrected to a satisfactory alignment in the immediate postoperative period followed by a progressive overcorrection (hypertropia). Patients with thyroid eye disease were at highest risk for progressive overcorrection, as 9 of 18 (50%) developed the problem. Patients undergoing adjustable suture were at a higher risk for development of the overcorrection, as 1 of 35 (3%) surgeries done with standard techniques had the overcorrection while 13 of 32 (41%) done on an adjustable suture had the problem. However, the actual act of adjustment was found not to be a predisposing factor. Also, operating upon multiple muscles was found not to be a risk factor for the complication. Once progressive overcorrection occurred, it was more difficult to correct when the patient had thyroid eye disease. We also reviewed 77 consecutive cases of superior, lateral, and medial rectus muscle recessions and found no cases of progressive overcorrection.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Progressive overcorrection after inferior rectus recession. 835 Feb 21

The incidence of convergence insufficiency in patients with thyroid ophthalmopathy and their response to convergence exercise is unknown. Twenty-seven consecutive patients with thyroid eye disease (TED) were evaluated prospectively. Six patients with symptomatic convergence insufficiency obtained varying degrees of subjective and objective benefit from treatment. None of the six had other TED-related complaints that required therapeutic intervention. The study findings should alert the clinician to consider convergence insufficiency in patients with TED and nonspecific ophthalmic symptoms.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Convergence insufficiency in thyroid eye disease. 850 18

Grade IV intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a severe complication of premature birth. We retrospectively performed serial exams on 13 infants with grade IV IVH and compared their ocular findings to 11 infants matched by gestational age and birth weight without an IVH. All children in the study were initially examined in the neonatal unit within 8 weeks after birth. Subsequent periodic eye exams were performed until 3 to 7 years of age. Of the 13 grade IV IVHs, there was a 92% incidence of ocular abnormalities, compared to a 73% incidence in the premature group without IVH. The children with grade IV hemorrhages had a statistically significant increased incidence of severe eye disease with resultant visual loss (38%) compared to the non-IVH group. Loss of vision was due to optic atrophy and retinopathy of prematurity. Grade IV IVH children are at high risk for severe eye disease and should have early and frequent ophthalmologic exams.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Ocular findings in premature infants with grade IV intraventricular hemorrhage. 850 22

Tired eyes even after a short period of strain are well known as asthenopia. This term derives from a Greek expression meaning 'weak eye'. The following reasons are to be taken into account: uncorrected refractional errors such as hyperopia and astigmatism, accommodative and fusional defects and heterophoria, or combinations there of. With many cases of asthenopia the clinical symptomatology may resemble an organic eye disease or an affection of the brain [dry eye, Graves' disease, myasthenia, special form of essential blepharospasm, neurogenic latent eye muscle palsies, narcolepsy]. It is the aim of a precise patient's history to differentiate between functional and organic causes. By means of case reports and diagnostic tools, the development of symptomatology and the therapy are discussed.
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PMID:[Rapid eye fatigue--causes and therapy]. 865 Jun 19

Strabismus is a major cause of amblyopia. Parents not aware of the adverse outcome of untreated strabismus is thought to be a major reason of their affected child not being discovered earlier. An ocular survey was therefore conducted to examine the relative neglect of strabismus by the public, using myopia as a reference eye disorder. Specific objectives included estimating the prevalence of these ocular diseases, comparing the self-reported rate to the test-based rate, and investigating how much parents knew about these ocular diseases. Between 1993 and 1995, 862 elementary students in the first, third, and sixth grade at Keelung Ann-Lo Community were screened. The prevalence of manifest strabismus was 1.62% (95% CI = 1.19% approximately 2.05%). Of those with strabismus, three (21.4%) knew that they had strabismus. Neither the prevalence nor the self-known proportion of strabismus changed substantially with school grade, suggesting that the majority of strabismus afflicted children remain unrecognized during their elementary school years. The amblyopia proportion in those with tropia was 42.9% and reduced to 21.5% after abnormal refractive error was excluded. Of six knowledge statements about each ocular disorder, parents answered 2.13 (SD = 1.40) strabismus statements correctly, which was significantly less than their response on myopia statements (4.32 with SD = 1.24) (p < .0001). Onset age of strabismus was the question answered least correctly, implying that parents are not aware of the timing of treating strabismus. Our findings suggest that childhood strabismus was neglected by the public before the implementation of National Health Insurance (NHI). Should a similar study continued to be conducted in the future, the efficacy of NHI in the early recognition and treatment on childhood strabismus can be evaluated.
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PMID:Neglect of childhood strabismus: Keelung Ann-Lo Community ocular survey 1993-1995. 892 38

Although systemic steroids or orbital radiotherapy are effective in limiting the inflammatory response in thyroid eye disease (TED), there are reports of over 70% of treated patients requiring subsequent rehabilitative surgery: either orbital decompression or strabismus correction. This study investigated whether combined immunosuppression with primary orbital radiotherapy together with azathioprine and low-dose prednisolone, applied early in the active disease state, was more effective in treating TED. Forty consecutive patients with active TED were recruited. Orbital MRI (STIR sequence) was used to assess disease activity. Median duration of symptoms was 1.0 year. Subjects were treated with bilateral orbital radiotherapy (20 Gy in 10 fractions) and oral prednisolone and azathioprine. Pre- and post-treatment activity was measured clinically, including uniocular field of fixation, Mourits score and total eye score, until TED became inactive off all treatment. Before treatment, 15 subjects had signs of dysthyroid optic neuropathy, 35 had significant motility restriction and 38 had marked soft tissue signs. On average TED became inactive after 1.2 years (SD 0.7) of immunosuppression, and treatment was well tolerated. One patient required subsequent cosmetic orbital decompression, 6 had successful strabismus surgery and 13 required minor cosmetic lid surgery. Compared with previously reported treatment regimes we think that combined orbital radiotherapy and medical immunosuppression is far more effective than either treatment alone in the management of active TED, and led to fewer side effects of high-dose steroids. In particular there was more than a four-fold reduction in the requirement for orbital decompression and strabismus surgery.
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PMID:Combined radiotherapy and medical immunosuppression in the management of thyroid eye disease. 947 1

The relationship between oral contraceptive (OC) use and eye disease was investigated through abstraction of salient data from the two large British cohort studies of the effects of OCs: the Royal College of General Practitioners' (RCGP) OC Study and the Oxford-Family Planning Association (FPA) Contraception Study. Together, these studies have accumulated over 850,000 person-years of observation since 1968 involving 63,000 women. The conditions considered in the analysis were conjunctivitis, keratitis, iritis, lacrimal disease, strabismus, cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment, and retinal vascular lesions. The only eye disease for which there was consistent evidence of a notable increase in risk in OC users was retinal vascular lesions. The relative risk of retinal vascular lesions in OC users compared to never users was 2.0 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0-3.8) in the RCGP data set and 2.4 (95% CI, 0.4-9.2) in the Oxford-FPA Study. This increased risk was not concentrated in any one diagnostic category (e.g., retinal vascular occlusion, retinal vein thrombosis, retinal hemorrhage).
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PMID:Oral contraception and eye disease: findings in two large cohort studies. 1091 85

Incomplete X-linked congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is a recessive, non-progressive eye disorder characterized by abnormal electroretinogram and psychophysical testing and can include impaired night vision, decreased visual acuity, myopia, nystagmus, and strabismus. Including the 20 families previously reported (Bech-Hansen et al. 1998b), we have now analyzed patients from a total of 36 families with incomplete CSNB and identified 20 different mutations in the calcium channel gene CACNA1F. Three of the mutations account for incomplete CSNB in two or more families, and a founder effect is clearly demonstrable for one of these mutations. Of the 20 mutations identified, 14 (70%) are predicted to cause premature protein truncation and six (30%) to cause amino acid substitutions or deletions at conserved positions in the alpha1F protein. In characterizing transcripts of CACNA1F we have identified several splice variants and defined a prototypical sequence based on the location of mutations in splice variants and comparison with the mouse orthologue, Cacnalf.
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PMID:A summary of 20 CACNA1F mutations identified in 36 families with incomplete X-linked congenital stationary night blindness, and characterization of splice variants. 1128 58

X-linked CSNB patients may exhibit myopia, nystagmus, strabismus and ERG abnormalities of the Schubert-Bornschein type. We recently identified the retina-specific L-type calcium channel alpha1 subunit gene CACNA1F localised to the Xp11.23 region, which is mutated in families showing the incomplete type (CSNB2). Here, we report comprehensive mutation analyses in the 48 CACNA1F exons in 36 families, most of them from Germany. All families were initially diagnosed as having the incomplete type of CSNB, except for two which have been designated as Aland Island eye disease (AIED)-like. Out of 33 families, a total of 30 different mutations were identified, of which 24 appear to be unique for the German population. The mutations, 20 of which are published here for the first time, were found to be equally distributed over the entire gene sequence. No mutation could be found in a classic AIED family previously shown to map to the CSNB2 interval. Cacna1f expression in photoreceptor-negative mice strains indicate that the gene is expressed in the outer nuclear, the inner nuclear, and the ganglion cell layer. Such a distribution points to the central role of calcium regulation in the interaction of retinal cells that mediate signal transmission.
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PMID:Thirty distinct CACNA1F mutations in 33 families with incomplete type of XLCSNB and Cacna1f expression profiling in mouse retina. 1211 38


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