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Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eleven patients (9 months to 5 years of age) with intermittent or constant exotropia of predominantly one eye on distant gaze were studied to investigate the effect of part-time occlusion. No patient had constant exotropia on near fixation. Visual acuity was found to be equal in both eyes. All patients were treated by part-time patching of the non-deviating eye from four to six hours a day and tapered as appropriate. If exotropia recurred after conversion to a heterophoria, part-time occlusion was reinstated. With occlusion, all patients converted to hetero- or orthophoria, at least temporarily. Mean follow-up (to last visit or surgical intervention) was 22 months (range 3 to 37 months). Three patients (27%) later developed constant exotropia (mean 28.3 months after beginning occlusion) and underwent surgery. Three patients (27%) became and remain orthophoric without further patching. Part-time occlusion for preschool patients with exodeviations that are predominantly unilateral can postpone surgical intervention and convert exotropia to orthophoria or exophoria.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:The use of part-time occlusion for early onset unilateral exotropia. 270 83

In order to prospectively study the development of strabismus in infancy, the ocular alignment of a large population of normal neonates was studied and follow-up examinations were obtained in a subset of these infants. The characteristic findings of congenital esotropia subsequently developed in three infants who were either orthotropic or exotropic at birth. Pathologic exotropia developed in two infants; both were exotropic at birth, but no more so than most normal neonates. In infants with congenital esotropia or pathologic exotropia, the characteristic deviation appears to develop between 2 and 4 months of age, a period during which normal infants are becoming increasingly orthotropic.
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PMID:Strabismus in infancy. 291 45

Ocular alignment was examined in a large population of normal infants to determine the prevalence of various motility findings at ages ranging from birth to 10 months. Exodeviations were frequently seen up to the age of 6 months. Esodeviations were occasionally seen in infants who did not go on to develop congenital esotropia, but not after 2 months of age. It is unclear whether precursors of pathologic strabismus, such as congenital esotropia, can be distinguished from these transient ocular deviations seen in normal infants. However, any strabismus persisting after the ages listed above should be considered abnormal and receive ophthalmologic evaluation.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Development of normal ocular alignment. 236 29

A precision device was developed for quantitative measurement of the active and passive forces of the horizontal muscles in several different types of strabismus. The device consists of a tension gauge for measuring isometric muscle tension (active force) and passive length-tension (passive force), and a circular-motion guide mechanism. In normal subjects, the active force showed nearly linear changes with the eye position, as was reported in past studies. A similar relationship between the active force and the eye position was observed also in strabismus patients in our study. Normal subjects showed a stronger force in the medial than the lateral rectus muscle. Among strabismus patients, those with normal retinal correspondence (NRC)-intermittent exotropia showed a force closest to that of the normal controls. However, the force of the lateral rectus muscle was significantly greater in those with constant exotropia than in the normal controls. The active force of the medial rectus muscle was significantly smaller in those with dual retinal correspondence (DRC)-intermittent exotropia and constant exotropia. Conversely, the active force of the medial rectus muscle was significantly greater in those with esotropia, compared with the normal group. As for the passive force, there was no significant difference between the temporal passive force and the nasal passive force in the normal and esotropic groups, but the temporal passive force was significantly greater in the esotropic group. The magnitude of the force was greater in both directions when traction was applied against the muscle having the stronger active force. These results suggest that the lateral rectus muscle force is relatively stronger in patients with DRC-intermittent exotropia due to a weakness of the medial rectus muscle force, and that the absolute strength of the lateral rectus muscle force is increased in patients with constant exotropia, but in NRC-intermittent exotropia the muscle forces are almost normal. Those with esotropia are considered to have an absolute increase in the medial rectus muscle force.
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PMID:Measurements of active and passive force of horizontal muscles in strabismus. 318 56

The results of surgery after 4 years' or more postoperative follow-up have been evaluated in a total of 1031 cases (575 esotropia, 456 exotropia). There is a difference in the angle of strabismus 1 month after surgery and 4 years after surgery. Based on these findings, the results of strabismus surgery must be evaluated after a sufficient amount of time has passed. The angle of strabismus to be aimed at, to provide best binocular vision and patient satisfaction, should be in the range of -2 +7 degree for esotropia and +2 -10 degree for exotropia, regardless of the patient's age at surgery.
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PMID:Long-term results after strabismus surgery. 319 89

Single-cell recording experiments were carried out to determine whether rearing kittens with surgically induced convergent strabismus (esotropia) alters the development of receptive field (RF) properties of neurons in area 18. In agreement with previous work on kittens with divergent strabismus (exotropia), there was a marked loss of binocularly driven cells in area 18 of esotropic cats. In contrast to the striate cortex of strabismic cats, the spatial properties of area 18 neurons, including receptive-field size and spatial frequency tuning, did not differ from those in normal controls. On the other hand, we found that contrast thresholds, measured at an optimal spatial frequency, were significantly elevated, and that the contrast gain in many cells was reduced in strabismic cats. These deficits were observed in both eyes, though the cells dominated by the deviating eye had a lower response amplitude at all contrasts. Furthermore, temporal frequency tuning curves were abnormal in strabismic cats in that the optimal frequencies and temporal resolutions were shifted to lower values. These effects were also bilateral. Velocity tuning, measured with a high-contrast bar stimulus, revealed that area 18 neurons in strabismic cats were unable to respond to very high velocities compared to normals. This reduced response was more severe when measured with the deviating eye in spite of the bilateral nature of the deficit. Finally, latencies to electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm or the optic radiation were significantly longer in strabismic cats. The magnitude of these effects was virtually the same for both eyes. From these observations, we conclude that the temporal properties of area 18 neurons, particularly the cells abilities to follow fast temporal modulations, are affected by raising kittens with surgically induced convergent strabismus.
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PMID:Effects of convergent strabismus on spatio-temporal response properties of neurons in cat area 18. 322 42

Essential infantile esotropia is an early acquired, not a congenital, condition, although congenital factors may favor its development between the ages of 3 and 6 months. It must be distinguished from other forms of esotropia with an onset between birth and the first six months of life. The cause of essential infantile esotropia remains unknown, but advances in our knowledge can be expected from the rapidly emerging discipline of infant psychophysics. In analyzing treatment results, a clear distinction must be made between normal, subnormal, and anomalous forms of binocular cooperation. While complete restoration of normal binocular function is rarely, if ever, achieved, anomalous binocular cooperation has many functional advantages over suppression or diplopia and should not be disturbed by overzealous treatment. Subnormal binocular vision is considered to be an optimal, microtropia a desirable, and a residual small angle heterotropia an acceptable end stage of surgical therapy. In a study of 358 surgically treated patients with a documented onset of essential infantile esotropia before age 6 months, subnormal binocular vision was present in 71 (20%), a microtropia in 25 (7%), and a small angle esotropia or exotropia in 140 (39%) of the patients. Surgical alignment before completion of the second year of life improved the chances for an optimal treatment result.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:A reassessment of infantile esotropia. XLIV Edward Jackson memorial lecture. 333 86

Nine cases of esotropia occurring in deprivation amblyopia, where exotropia rather than esotropia is usually found, showed a refractive error of hypermetropia. This fact suggested that an accommodative factor is largely responsible for the development of esotropia. A- or V-pattern strabismus was encountered in a higher incidence in deprivation amblyopia than in ordinary strabismus. Pattern-reversal VEP showed more prominent abnormality than flash VEP did. Studies of the sensitive period of the visual system revealed that the sensitivity is likely to be low for a month or two after birth and increases with a peak around the 18th month of age, decreasing thereafter with a waning slope to the end of the 8th year of life.
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PMID:Form vision deprivation amblyopia: further observations. 336 Mar 38

A homonymous hemianopia can be compensated by a strabismus in the direction of the visual field defect if the deviated eye has a harmonious anomalous localization. This compensation is only partial; its extent corresponds to the angle of deviation. We report on two patients with a hemianopia to the left. Under binocular conditions the visual field defect was reduced by an exotropia of the left eye with panoramic vision. Unfortunately, up to now it has not been possible to induce such a sensory-motor compensation in cases of homonymous hemianopia with normal retinal correspondence in an adult visual system.
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PMID:Infantile exotropia with homonymous hemianopia: a rare contraindication for strabismus surgery. 336 Mar 42

Forty-six patients with Prader-Willi syndrome were examined to determine the incidence and character of ocular abnormalities. All patients met clinical criteria for this syndrome including infantile hypotonia, hypogonadism, truncal obesity, intellectual impairment, dysmorphic facies, and short stature. Thirty-two patients had best corrected visual acuities between 6/6 and 6/9 in each eye. Seven patients (15%) had myopia greater than -3.75 diopters. Nineteen (41%) patients had astigmatism of 1.25 diopters or greater. Amblyopia of strabismic, anisometropic, or ametropic etiology was present in 11 (24%) of the patients. Strabismus was present in 25 (54%) patients: 22 (48%) patients had esotropia and three (7%) had exotropia. Nine patients either received or required strabismus surgery. Thirty-three percent of the patients examined for iris transillumination defects had this finding. This study represents the first large series of patients with Prader-Willi syndrome to undergo detailed ophthalmologic evaluation. Recognition of this syndrome is important because of the high incidence of potentially treatable ocular problems.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Ophthalmologic features of Prader-Willi syndrome. 339 59


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