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Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The spatial resolving power, contrast sensitivity, and receptive field properties of retinal ganglion cells were studied in cats reared with either convergent or divergent squint in one eye. Sustained-X cells in the area centralis of the squinting eye of the cats with esotropia without alternating fixation showed significantly poorer spatial resolution, and reduced contrast sensitivity compared with cells in the area centralis of the normal eye. These amblyopic sustained-X cells in the area centralis of the squinting eye had receptive field characteristics similar to those found in immature cells of young kittens. They had a shallow sensitivity gradient within a relatively widespread centre zone and a weak and widespread inhibitory surround. In contrast, the sustained cells in the area centralis of the normal eye revealed a typical, well defined, small centre zone with its sensitivity gradient extremely steep and its inhibitory surround strong and confined. A minor degree of amblyopia was also found in transient Y-cells in the area centralis of the squinting eye of these cats. However, no loss of resolving power was found in the cells in the area centralis of the squinting eye of the cats with esotropia or exotropia which showed alternating fixation. Thus, amblyopia occurs in those eyes which have lost the use of the area centralis as the normal visual axis during early postnatal development, and its organic lesion is already apparent in the retinal ganglion cells--the third order neurone in the afferent visual system. It is suggested that the loss of the ability to fixate results in inadequate stimulation of the central retinal ganglion cells due to the habitual presence of blurred images at the area centralis which prevents their full development during the critical period.
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PMID:Amblyopia occurs in retinal ganglion cells in cats reared with convergent squint without alternating fixation. 45 57

The medical records of 33 consecutive patients who developed secondary exotropia following surgery for esotropia were reviewed. Only six patients (18%) had normal medial rectus function. Lateral rectus recession proved to be an excellent procudure for correcting the deviation in these patients, provided the surgery was limited to the eye with the narrower palpebral fissure. Twenty-seven patients (82%) exhibited limitation of adduction secondary to medial rectus underaction. Of these patients, 75% were successfully corrected following a 12 mm advancement and resection of the underacting medial rectus muscle. The details of the surgical technique performed are discussed.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:The surgical treatment of overcorrected esotropia. 45 23

The position of eyes under general anesthesia was measured in different groups of nonparalytic strabismus. Almost all patients with esotropia or hyperactive inferior oblique muscle showed divergent eye positions while patients with exotropia showed no consistent trend. The eye position of patients with lid ptosis without squint, which served as a control group, were divergent in all cases. Electromyographic observation of the medial rectus muscle under the same condition of anesthesia revealed that muscle discharge disappeared almost completely at the stage at which the eyes were in a well-stabilized position.
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PMID:Eye position and electromyographic observation of squint eyes under general anesthesia. 47 34

Four patients had extensive unilateral myelinated nerve fibers associated with ipsilateral myopia, amblyopia, and strabismus. Their profound visual impairment, exotropia, and the early age onset of symptoms indicated that the amblyopia may have been organically caused. Prognosis is poor for even partial correction but good results have been obtained with intense therapy that includes full correction of the refractive error in each eye and extraocular muscle surgery if cosmetically necessary. In patients with axial myopia, images of a similar size will be produced by placing a lens of the correct power at the spectacle plane. In younger patients, a contact lens should not be used to correct the refractive error because it creates an undesirable anisometropia. Younger patients who have parafoveal fixation and no strabismus respond best to amblyopia therapy.
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PMID:Myelinated retinal nerve fibers associated with ipsilateral myopia, amblyopia, and strabismus. 48 78

We studied eye position under general anesthesia in 51 patients with concomitant esotropia or exotropia, divided into two groups. One group consisted of strabismus patients who had had no previous surgery. The second group consisted of strabismus patients who had undergone previous surgery on one (asymmetric) or both (symmetric) eyes. We found that both groups showed either no change or more divergence under general anesthesia in comparison to their preoperative state. Those patients who had had no previous surgery revealed an equal divergence in both eyes. This relationship also held true for those patients who had undergone symmetrical surgery in both eyes. However, those patients who had had surgery in one eye only showed more divergence in the operated eye than in the unoperated one. These findings reflect the mechanical--anatomical factors created by the surgery itself.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Previous strabismus surgery and eye position under anesthesia. 51 86

Postoperative diplopia in cases of congenital strabismus or early onset occured in 5% of patients operated on in 1977. We cannot calculate the frequency of diplopia in children operated on up to the age of 9 years old (290 cases) since no child suffered from diplopia. Its incidence-5% (9 out of 177 cases) relates to patients older than 9 years at the time of surgery, 6 patients out of 20 cases with consecutive exotropia complained of diplopia (following revision surgery). Amblyopia - foveal or eccentric fixation-alone seems to be a less important risk than consecutive exotropia. Preoperative wearing of prism to compensate the objective angle of squint over a few days can reduce but not exclude the general risk of postoperative diplopia.
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PMID:[Diplopia frequency as a result of the surgical treatment of concomitant squint]. 52 49

A four-year-old female child with Kugelberg-Welander syndrome has been presented. She demonstrated ptosis, exotropia, and decreased vision with unilateral high myopia. Unlike the Werdnig-Hoffman type of spinal muscular dystrophy Kugelberg-Welander disease has a protracted, somewhat benign course, necessitating proper evaluation and care of the ocular problems of these patients. The most common among these problems are the presence of severe to moderate ptosis and strabismus which appears usually to be an exotropia.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Ocular findings in a patient with Kugelberg-Welander syndrome: a case report. 73 21

This paper described the clinicopathological findings in a patient who died of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. During his seven-month hospitalization, we had the opportunity to study the evolution of the disease and especially the variability of the ocular findings. The patient was presenting with a right exotropia and later developed chorioretinal changes in the fundus. The pathological examinations of both eyes revealed undescribed details, mostly in the anterior segments of the eyes, namely lacy vacuolization of the pigment epithelium of the iris, vacuolization of the nonpigmentary ciliary epithelium, and proliferation of the ciliary pigment epithelium.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: clinicopathological study of the eyes. 73 22

Simultaneous, bilateral and symmetrical surgery was performed on 60 patients with V-esotropia. The results following one surgical procedure were evaluated. The patients were subdivided into three equal groups. A bilateral recession of the medial recti was performed in all three groups. In the first two groups a weakening of both inferior obliques, either by recession or by myectomy at insertion, was performed. In the third group only horizontal muscle surgery was done. Satisfactory results were achieved in 48 out of 60 patients following one surgical procedure. Consecutive esotropia was present in eight and exotropia in four patients. In cases of V-esotropia with marked overaction of both inferior obliques, a simultaneous 4-muscle surgery is recommended in order to minimize the number of surgical procedures.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Simultaneous 4-muscle surgery in V-esotropia. 73 30

The results of an analysis of the surgery performed to correct both horizontal and vertical strabismus in patients without fusion potential is presented. Recession and resection of the horizontal recti combined with vertical offsets was the procedure employed. These results indicate that both esotropia and exotropia along with a coexisting hypertropia can be made cosmetically acceptable by this procedure.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Vertical offsets of the horizontal recti. 73 52


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