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Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Unpredictability in strabismus surgery results may be due in part to errors in the measurement of strabismic deviations. Whenever measuring strabismic deviations with a fixation target at near, the distance from the eye to the prism must be taken into account to measure the true deviation. For example, when a prism is held 4 cm from the cornea of an eye deviating 50 prism diopters from a fixation target at 33 cm, the measured deviation is 62 prism diopters. The required prism power needed to neutralize a deviation with fixation at near will be increased, the further the prism is held from the cornea. This may lead to surgical overcorrections if the surgery is based on the near measurement. The deviation neutralized by a prism held in any angular position, the effect of prism measurements at near, and the measurement of deviations over Fresnel prisms can be calculated and the appropriate corrections made.
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PMID:Ophthalmic prisms. Deviant behavior at near. 401 Nov 43

In recent years some pilot-studies were performed at health centres in Amsterdam, on infants of 8-9 months of age, concerning early detection of visual disorders. The method consisted of a programme of corneal light reflexes, cover test, monocular following movements and inspection of the cornea, the pupil and the pupillary reaction. The aim of the studies was: 1. Is this programme efficient for early detection of organic eye disorders and strabismus at this age? 2. Is the method reliable, if performed by doctors of the health centres? The results of the studies were positive. In at least 1,9% of the 1200 children of the pilot-study a visual disorder was detected. The method can be incorporated in the regular working scheme of the health centres and can be performed on infants from the age of 6 1/2 months.
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PMID:[Early diagnosis of vision disorders]. 403 58

The authors emphasize the importance of the relations between strabismus and amblyopia. Strabismus is often the symptom which leads to the discovery of amblyopia. Amblyopia may cause strabismus, as in organic amblyopias induced by congenital lesions of the retina or visual pathways, and visual deprivation amblyopias due to corneal opacities and/or congenital cataracts. Unilateral clouding of normally transparent media (cornea, lens, vitreum) prevents normal stimulation of the retina which is necessary to the development of binocular vision. Anisometropic amblyopias also belong to this category. More often, amblyopia is the consequence of strabismus: it is then termed "functional strabismic amblyopia". Loss of the parallelism of the two visual axes disrupts the functional balance between the images received from the two eyes. The two images are different; one is suppressed. This suppression may eventually lead to amblyopia. Amblyopia was discovered in 593 of 1 757 studied cases of strabismus. Amblyopia was the cause of strabismus in 87 patients and was functional in the remaining 506. Among these latter, visual acuity was inferior or equal to 1/10 in 241 cases and between 2/10 and 7/10 in 265. 147 children in the first group and 136 in the second could be treated. Among these patients, who were treated before the age of seven, complete recovery was obtained in approximately 1/2 of cases and improvement in more than 1/4 of first group patients and 1/3 of second group patients. Results were all the better that treatment was initiated earlier and that patients were younger.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Strabismus and amblyopia. Value of their early detection]. 632 Apr 26

A physiological and clinical study of the Pulfrich stereo-phenomenon was performed. The most important physiological parameters are object movements, luminous factors, and the position and movement of the eyes. Our experimental research emphasizes the retinal illumination factors, modified by many optical devices (pinhole, stenopeic slit, etc.); the paradoxical perceptive aspects of the Pulfrich phenomenon; and, above all, outlines the negligible role of the metric factors. The Pulfrich phenomenon is mainly time-dependent, and is defined as a stereoscopic illusion related to the temporal disparity between the visual input arising from the two eyes at the time of their cortical integration. In ocular pathology, 267 subjects were studied, the ocular abnormalities being divided into diseases of the pupil, cornea and vitreous body, cataracts, retina, optic nerve, glaucoma and strabismus. The difference between the spontaneous Pulfrich phenomenon and the provoked Pulfrich phenomenon is stressed: the spontaneous Pulfrich phenomenon is rare (14% of subjects); by itself it is anomalous and is a functional symptom his mechanism may vary according to the etiology; on the contrary, the provoked Pulfrich phenomenon is a normal phenomenon, induced by a filter in front of one eye; its absence is pathological either with the filter in front of the better eye, the bad eye, or of each in turn. In clinical practice this lack is frequent (46% of subjects), and is related to an alteration of binocular vision, but without etiological specificity.
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PMID:[Pulfrich phenomenon]. 652 Mar 36

The dimensions and topographical anatomy of 26 eyes from 14 neonates and infants were measured and photographed with special attention to the insertional position of the extraocular muscles. Additional measurements were made in histologic preparations of 12 normal infant eyes. Although the diameters of the neonatal eyes were found to be about 70% of the adult eyes, the volumes of the globes were only about half, and the surface areas even less. The insertions of the rectus muscles were about 2 mm nearer to the cornea than in emmetropic adult eyes, but some were close to or at the equator. The posterior segments of the neonatal eyes were much less developed than the anterior, so that the oblique insertions, as compared to the adult eye, were closer to each other, to the horizontal meridian and to the posterior pole. In some neonatal specimens the inferior oblique insertion was so close to the optic nerve that tenotomy at that point would have jeopardized some of the posterior ciliary vessels and nerves. The dramatic postnatal growth of the eye occurs in the scleral segment; there is minimal corneal growth. About half of the total lifetime increase in the diameters, volume and total surface area of the human eye occurs in the first six months of life. In the six-month-old specimens the volume of the globe and the surface area of the sclera had almost doubled as compared to the neonatal eyes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Extraocular muscle surgery in early infancy--anatomical factors. 672 54

Shigella keratitis with ulceration is a rare occurrence with only four previous reports in the literature. Corneal ulceration appears to be characteristically superficial with a predilection for the inferior cornea. In the case reported here, resolution of ulceration occurred with the use of gentamicin and chloramphenicol, following a poor response to sulfacetamide. Experimental evidence strongly suggests that the course of infection is usually self-limited but that corneal scarring is a common sequelae. In the majority of the clinical cases reported to date, corneal ulceration has responded to appropriate antimicrobials with resolution, but has left residual opacification. To the extent that all of the cases were in young children, assessment of the degree of visual loss has been difficult to ascertain.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Corneal ulceration due to Shigella flexneri. 698 65

Epikeratophakia is a form of refractive surgery in which the recipient's epithelium is removed and a pre-shaped donor lenticule is sutured to the patient's cornea. Seventeen patients ranging in age from two months to 6.6 years received 19 epikeratophakia grafts for the correction of aphakic vision. The correction provided by the graft in combination with vigorous amblyopia therapy has yielded some improvement in vision in the 12 patients with successful grafts. This procedure may be particularly suitable for pediatric aphakic patients because it is extraocular and reversible and may be employed as a secondary procedure or in conjunction with cataract extraction. Only with longer follow-up of these and additional patients can these preliminary results be validated and the risk/benefit ratio of this procedure be assessed.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:The use of epikeratophakia grafts in pediatric monocular aphakia. 703 83

One thousand two hundred and ninety-six pre-school and school children were examined in the first screening programme for ocular anomalies in Maseru, Lesotho. One hundred and eighteen children (8.9%) were found to have significant ocular anomalies requiring treatment. The most common anomalies included refractive errors, squint, convergence insufficiency, amblyopia, vernalis, lid abnormalities, leukoma cornea, and cataract. The importance of school screening for ocular anomalies in a developing African nation is emphasized.
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PMID:Screening of pre-school and school children for ocular anomalies in Lesotho. 714 28

The change in refractive status of an eye that has undergone muscle surgery appears to be due to cornea changes. While not all patients are affected, a moderate number will show enough change in astigmatism to cause a decrease in the visual acuity from a few letters to two lines difference. These changes, more commonly an increase in with the rule astigmatism, tend to disappear in time, although in an occasional patient they may persist. Such a change is especially noted when two nonadjacent recti muscles are operated on the same eye. One advantage in operating on the fixing eye is that of allowing a surgically induced amblyopic therapy to continue into the postoperative period. A noncycloplegic or "dry" retinoscopy seems to be a quick and effective way of determining the existence, though not the amount, of such a change in the refractive status.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:The changes in refractive status following routine strabismus surgery. 720 17

There is growing evidence that a variety of corneal disorders may be expressions of altered immune mechanisms. Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis is probably such a condition. Typically described as arising from hypersensitivity to tuberculin protein, other antigens clearly may participate, particularly staphylococcus products. When corneal involvement occurs, it need not be confined to the peripheral cornea. The symptoms of the process may be disproportionate to obvious findings and so exaggerated as to suggest a psychiatric disorder. Resultant visual deficits, if the disease is corneal, progressive, unrecognized, and untreated may be profound. Representative examples of this disease are cited. Immune mechanisms are reviewed. The importance of recognizing the characteristic sign and symptom complex is stressed. Appropriate diagnostic studies and treatment regimens are presented.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis. 726 47


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