Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A prospective study was carried-out in the department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Institute of Postgraduate Medicine & Research (IPGMR) now Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) during a period of 9 months starting from 1st April to 31st December 1996 to find out the probable causes of Cerebral Palsy (CP), the types of CP and associated disabilities among these patients attending the department. A total of 5412 patient were treated, of them 93 (1.72%) were diagnosed as CP. Boys and girls were 62 (66.7%) and 30 (33.3%) respetively. Majority 44 (47.3%) were quadriplegic type followed by diplegic type 29 (31.1%), hemiplegic type 15 (16.1%) and athetoid type 1 (1%). Associated disabilities were mental retardation (45.1%), convulsive disorders (38.7%), speech disorders (49.4%), hearing impairment (13.9%), visual problem (8.6%) and squint (26.8%). Spastic quadriplegia was the mostsevere form with multiple disabilities found in our study.
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PMID:A study on patients with cerebral palsy. 1766 58

This prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of ocular abnormalities, as well as describe the various eye defects seen among cases of cerebral palsy presenting at the Paediatric Neurology Clinic, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. All cases of cerebral palsy seen at the Paediatric Neurology Clinic, University College Hospital, Ibadan, over a period of 18 months were carefully evaluated by the Paediatric Neurologist for signs of ocular abnormalities. Those in whom such abnormalities were found were referred to the Consultant Ophthalmologist for detailed eye examination and accurate description of the ocular abnormalities. One hundred and forty nine children with cerebral palsy were seen during the period of study, forty two had associated ocular abnormalities, giving a prevalence rate of 28.2%. More than half (61.9%) of the cases were completely blind. The major ocular abnormalities identified in the affected cases were strabismus (50%), optic atrophy (50%) and cortical visual impairment (47.7%). Other eye defects less frequently seen were nystagmus (9.5%) and refractive errors (4.8%). Presence of spastic quadriplegia was associated with an increased risk of ocular abnormalities. Ocular abnormalities are a frequent problem in children with cerebral palsy. Evaluation of all children with cerebral palsy must include amongst other things, a full ophthalmologic evaluation, even when no gross eye anomalies are visible to the attending physician. Early identification of these defects in children with CP is crucial in order to institute prompt therapy in cases with defects that are amenable to treatment.
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PMID:Ocular abnormalities in children with cerebral palsy. 1787 93

Deformities in the child with cerebral palsy have been ascribed to muscle imbalance (Sharrard 1961) and increased tone (Pollock 1959) or to the type of cerebral palsy (Bobath and Bobath 1975). As far as we know, the position in which the child is nursed, especially during the first year of life, has not been considered as a cause of deformity. It is generally agreed that position in the postnatal period can be a cause of deformity in the normal baby. Paine (1961) suggested that plagiocephaly was caused by postnatal head posture, and Hay (1971) found that plagiocephaly was present in 10 percent of normal babies. Scott (1956) reported that infants commonly had lateral curvatures of the spine which could be seen on x-rays but not on clinical examination, all of which had resolved by the age of two years. Other asymmetries associated with plagiocephaly are unilateral fisting, asymmetrical groin creases, apparent shortening of one lower limb and asymmetry of gait (Robson 1968). We accept the asymmetrical deformities of plagiocephaly, unilateral bat ear, facial and thoracic asymmetry, pelvic obliquity and apparent shortening of one leg--some or all of which may be present in normal babies--as forming the 'squint' baby syndrome. Because asymmetrical deformities also occur in children with cerebral palsy, we thought it worthwhile to compare the pattern of deformity in a group of 'quint' but otherwise normal babies with a group of cerebralpalsied children with asymmetrical deformities to see if there is any relationship.
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PMID:Position as a cause of deformity in children with cerebral palsy (1976). 93 45

This article comprises a historic description of botulinum toxin (BTX) as a therapeutic substance. The first therapeutic application of BTX injections in humans took place in 1979. It was hoped that surgery for strabismus could be avoided with injections to outer ocular muscles. It was however the positive results in the 1990s against focal dystoniae such as blepharospasm, spasmodic torticollis, and hemifacial spasm that led to broader acceptance of the substance beyond the scope of neurology. Since then BTX has been suggested for therapy of more than 50 indications. Approved mass indications were found in neurology for spasticity and cerebral palsy, in dermatology for focal hyperhidrosis, and in cosmetic medicine for treatment of skin wrinkles. The groundwork has been proceeding for some time pertaining to its approval for further uses in pain therapy and urology.
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PMID:[Botulinum toxin. Development for therapeutic purposes]. 1892 57

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a term used to describe a spectrum of neurological deficits resulting from damage to the immature brain. It is a chronic, nonprogressive motor disorder that affects posture, muscle tone, and movement, and therefore commonly results in ophthalmologic abnormalities such as strabismus and eye movement disorders. A basic understanding of CP and its effects will assist the clinician in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of associated ophthalmologic disorders. This first, in a series of three articles, reviews the definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and classification of CP, as well as current management of the postural and motor effects. Results include a retrospective review of 131 consecutive cases of cerebral palsy referred to the Department of Ophthalmology by the Cerebral Palsy Center at the St. Louis Children's Hospital. The second article in the series will present the frequency, diagnosis, and management of the ocular motor deficits associated with CP. Article three will discuss the evaluation of visual acuity, management of decreased vision, and the frequency and type of binocular vision deficits associated with CP.
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PMID:Cerebral palsy for the pediatric eye care team part 1: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and systemic findings. 2114 17

Infantile esotropia (IE) is defined as an esotropia before the age of 6 months, with a large angle, latent nystagmus, dissociated vertical deviation, limitation of abduction, and reduced binocular vision, without neurological disorder. Prematurity, low birth weight, and low Apgar scores are significant risk factors for IE. US standard age of first surgery is 12-18 months, in Europe 2-3 years. The only study to date with prospectively assigned early- and late-surgery groups and evaluation according to intention-to-treat, was the European Early vs. Late Infantile Strabismus Surgery Study (ELISSS). In that study 13.5% of children operated around 20 months vs. 3.9% (P = 0.001) of those operated around 49 months had gross stereopsis (Titmus Housefly) at age 6. The reoperation rate was 28.7% in children operated early vs. 24.6% in those operated late. Unexpectedly, 8% in the early group vs. 20% in the late group had not been operated at age 6, although all had been eligible for surgery at baseline at 11 SD 3.7 months. In most of these children the angle of strabismus decreased spontaneously. In a meta-regression analysis of the ELISSS and 12 other studies we found that reoperation rates were 60-80% for children first operated around age 1 and 25% for children operated around age 4. Based on these findings, the endpoints to consider when contemplating best age for surgery in an individual child with IE should be: (1) degree of binocular vision restored or retained, (2) postoperative angle and long-term stability of the angle and (3) number of operations needed or chance of spontaneous regression. IE is characterized by lack of binocular connections in the visual cortex that cannot develop, e.g. because the eyes squint, or do not develop, e.g. after perinatal hypoxia. As the cause of IE, whether motor or sensory, is a determinant of surgical outcome, a subdivision of IE according to cause is needed. As similarities exist between IE and cerebral palsy we propose to adapt the working definition formulated by the Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe and define IE as "a group of permanent, but not unchanging, disorders with strabismus and disability of fusional vergence and binocular vision, due to a nonprogressive interference, lesion, or maldevelopment of the immature brain, the orbit, the eyes, or its muscles, that can be differentiated according to location, extent, and timing of the period of development."
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PMID:Best age for surgery for infantile esotropia. 2151 4

A complex study of 55 patients with children cerebral palsy who complained on visual and eye movement disturbances in the age from 4 to 10 years has been carried out. Main factors in the anamnesis that have negative effect on the organism formation in antenatal and perinatal periods have been analyzed. Most of children had ophthalmologic symptoms (visual acuity decrease, disturbance of pupillary reaction to convergence, disturbance of refraction, refraction strabismus, horizontal nystagmus, restriction of the field of vision, ophtalmoparesis), movement and coordination disorders, mental and speech disorders. Plausibly, the combination of different aversive factors in the antenatal, intranatal and neonatal periods led to the brain lesion, including structures of movement and visual analyzers and their links to other analyzers, that determined the clinical picture of disease.
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PMID:[Visual disorders in children cerebral palsy]. 2151 95

To evaluate the prevalence of ocular abnormalities among children with cerebral palsy, 140 patients with age between 6 months and 16 years were selected and the overall incidence of ocular abnormalities in this study was 42.1%. Two major ocular abnormalities identified in these cases were strabismus in 36.4%. Myopia was detected in 12.9% children while hypermetropia in 8.6% and astigmatism in 3.6% cases. Non-glaucomatous optic atrophy was present in 10.7% cases and nystagmus in 9.3% cases. Raised intra-ocular pressure was detected in 2.1% cases. Cortical visual impairment was seen in 20.7% children. Ocular abnormalities are frequent manifestations in cerebral palsy patients. Therefore, evaluation of all cerebral palsy cases emphasises the need for a full ophthalmological examination in order to detect ocular problems and to institute necessary therapy of the abnormalities for better livelihood of these physically challenged patients.
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PMID:Ocular manifestations in children with cerebral palsy. 2218 65

Botulinum toxin is one of the most toxic natural substances; it acts by blocking the neuromuscular transmission by inhibiting Acetylcholine (Ach) releasing from the motor nerve into the neuromuscular junction. Although the toxin inhibits ACh release, other transmitters can also be inhibited. Botulinum toxin, specifically toxin type A (BONT-A) has been used since the 1970s to treat many different disorders, such as general spasticity resulting from stroke, multiple sclerosis or cerebral palsy, strabismus, hyperhidrosis or excessive sweating, pain, and it is effective in combating migraine and tension headaches. Since prostate gland is under the influence of autonomic innervation and associated neurotransmitters, the effects of BONT-A on the prostate have gained attention in the urological community and it has been studied in different species, including rats, dogs and humans. The aim of this paper is to review the mechanism of action of botulinum toxin and to discuss in particular the results of BONT-A treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), providing perspectives on potential therapy according to actual knowledge.
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PMID:Botulinum toxin A in prostate disease: a venom from bench to bed-side. 2240 79

It is generally assumed that children with intellectual disabilities (ID) have an increased risk of impaired visual information processing due to brain damage or brain development disorder. So far little evidence has been presented to support this assumption. Abnormal visual orienting behavior is a sensitive tool to evaluate impaired visual information processing. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate possible correlations between the children's characteristics (age, gender, level of ID, mobility, gestational age, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, visual acuity, strabismus, nystagmus, and epilepsy), and abnormal visual orienting behavior. We quantified data on visual orienting behavior, in terms of visual processing time and ocular motor fixations, in 88 children with ID aged 4-14 years. These visual parameters were combined with data collected from the children's medical records (predictors) and were put in a Pearson bivariate correlation analysis. A predictor was included for multiple regression analysis if the Pearson's correlation coefficient had a level of significance of p<0.05. As shown by multiple regression analysis, age, level of ID, and Down syndrome significantly affected visual processing time. Mobility, strabismus, and nystagmus significantly affected fixation quality. Using a systematic approach, we confirmed the hypothesis that children with ID have an increased risk of impaired visual information processing which is related to a low IQ.
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PMID:Factors related to impaired visual orienting behavior in children with intellectual disabilities. 2256


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