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Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

School children severely afflicted with cerebral palsy, but unselected in regard to their visual status. have been studied. Of 120 children examined only 24 (20%) had normal eyes or ocular adnexae. Squint was found in 52.5% of the children and significant refractive errors in 50%. There was also a high incidence of strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia (15%) and visual field defects (11%). A number of other ocular abnormalities were found, the majority of which were not amenable to any form of treatment. Early identification of treatable ocular defects and their treatment along conventional lines is emphasised. It is also important to identify untreatable defects that may have a bearing on the child's education. These children need all the help available, and visual function should be at its best. A diagnosis of cerebral palsy has usually been made by the time such a child reaches 18 months of age. In view of the high incidence of ocular defects a full ophthalmological assessment should be part of the routine assessment of the child.
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PMID:Visual disorders associated with cerebral palsy. 705 43

We found dyskinetic strabismus in 66 patients with cerebral palsy. The most striking feature of dyskinetic strabismus is the fluctuation from esotropia to exotropia under the same accommodative conditions with a slow tonic deviation similar to a vergence movement. With increasing age, exodeviation becomes more prevalent. Dyskinetic strabismus is seen exclusively in cerebral palsy patients. Many of these patients have an athetoid component to their disorder. The association of dyskinetic strabismus with athetosis and upward gaze palsy suggests that the basal ganglia may be the site of the malfunction. The strabismus responds poorly to surgery and the associated athetosis is important in the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral palsy.
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PMID:Dyskinetic strabismus as a sign of cerebral palsy. 723 49

Cerebral palsy is a nonprogressive disorder of movement and posture that often has nonmotor findings associated with it. However, a specific number of clinical motor findings is required to make the diagnosis. These clinical motor abnormalities can be grouped into 6 Major Motor Categories: (1) Postures and Movement Patterns; (2) Oral Motor Patterns; (3) Strabismus; (4) Tone of Muscles; (5) Evolution of Postural Reactions and Landmarks; and (6) Deep Tendon, Infantile and Plantar Reflexes. In this retrospective chart study of 60 children with handicaps over age 1 year, a child with abnormalities in 4 or more of these Major Motor Categories is likely to have been given the diagnosis of cerebral palsy. A child with abnormalities in less than 4 Major Motor Categories was unlikely to have the diagnosis of cerebral palsy. The distinction between the 2 groups was significant at the 0.0001 level. This suggests that once progressive diseases and syndromes with a cerebral palsylike motor component are excluded, a child with abnormalities in 4 or more Major Motor Categories may be classified as having cerebral palsy.
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PMID:Cerebral palsy diagnosis in children over age 1 year: standard criteria. 741 28

The aim of this article is to show the main general and ocular characteristics of a group of 46 mentally handicapped people of different IQ and age who were provided with visual care. Many different syndromes and neurological alterations have been described in the literature. The case types and number of people studied for each condition attending our clinics were: syndromes: Down's (25), Soto (2), West (2), Rubinstein-Taybi (1), triple X (1); neurological conditions: cerebral palsy (8), microcephaly (5), hydrocephaly (2). In our study the ocular findings were high incidence of ametropies: 58.7% hyperopia, 21.7% myopia, 19.5% astigmatism and 28% strabismus.
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PMID:Ocular dysfunction associated with mental handicap. 852 80

Thirteen preterm children, aged 4 to 14 years, with visual impairment due to periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) were evaluated for visual function, intellectual level, cognitive profile and motor function. Their visual impairment was characterized by low acuity, crowding, visual field defects and ocular motility disturbances. Their cognitive profile was uneven, often with considerably higher scores on verbal than on visual-spatial tasks. Nine children had normal intelligence, three had mild mental retardation and one had severe mental retardation. In all the children, visual impairment was complicated by visual perceptual difficulties, accounting for their greater visual handicap than would be expected from their visual acuities and strabismus alone. Though CT or MRI revealed bilateral PVL in all the children, six had no motor impairment consistent with cerebral palsy, which is an unexpected finding.
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PMID:Visual impairment in preterm children with periventricular leukomalacia--visual, cognitive and neuropaediatric characteristics related to cerebral imaging. 876 Nov 68

We assess the prevalence of vision problems in a cohort of low birth weight infants at age 2 years and the relationship of these problems to neonatal brain injury. Data on prenatal and neonatal history and brain injury status were prospectively collected on 721 children weighing 500-2,000 gm at birth enrolled in a multi-center, population-based longitudinal study. Visual acuity was evaluated using the Teller Acuity Card Procedure. Abnormalities of the eye were assessed by a specially trained pediatric nurse practitioner. Failure of the acuity screen occurred in 62 of 699 tested (8.9%). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the only significant independent predictors of failure included presence of disabling cerebral palsy (DCP) (odds ratio [OR] = 14.8) or nondisabling cerebral palsy (NDCP) (OR = 4.0) and Apgar score of less than 5 at 5 minutes (OR = 2.4). Parenchymal brain injury (PEL) was of borderline significance. Strabismus was present in 123 of 702 children (17.5%). Multiple logistic regression analysis disclosed that the joint predictors of strabismus were presence of DCP (OR = 7.2) and length of hospital stay (OR = 1.6). We conclude that low birth weight infants with parenchymal brain lesions leading to cerebral palsy are at particular risk for vision problems early in life and should be carefully evaluated.
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PMID:Vision outcome at age 2 years in a low birth weight population. 880 70

Botulinum toxin, the most potent of the neurotoxins, produces paralysis by blocking presynaptic release of the neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) at the neuromuscular junction, with reversible chemical denervation of the muscle fibre, thereby inducing partial paralysis and atrophy. Because chemical denervation is reversible, botulinum toxin has temporary effects, the muscle being progressively reinnervated by nerve sproutings. Type A botulinum toxin (Bix-A) is available under two dosage forms: Botox and Dysport. Although the initial clinical indication was strabismus, subsequent studies have demonstrated the efficacy of Btx-A, mainly in dystonia, hemifacial spasm and spasticity. However, botulinum toxin has been successfully used in various other clinical indications. In regard to spasticity associated with cerebral palsy, Btx-A is a promising treatment requiring a multidisciplinary approach. Btx-A injections lead to effective reduction of muscle hyperactivity with minor side-effects. They are painless, even though electromyographic guidance may be required for the injection of deep muscles. However, the production of antibodies to Btx-A may compromise the effect of long-term treatment.
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PMID:[Mechanism of action, clinical indication and results of treatment of botulinum toxin]. 897 11

In 48 children with cerebral palsy the characteristics of the squint and amblyopia were analyzed, also with respect to the features of cerebral palsy and to birth weight. Strabismus of congenital esotropia type was found to be common, as was also exotropia of early onset. Spontaneous alternation or an accommodative component of the squint was present only in a few cases. There was no evidence of an accumulation of any strabismus type in the different subgroups of cerebral palsy, whereas amblyopia or an obvious risk for amblyopia was found in the great majority of the cases. Some kind of amblyopia treatment was given to 34. Most of them showed improvement of the visual capacity which encourages treatment of amblyopia, even in children with cerebral palsy.
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PMID:Strabismus in children with cerebral palsy. 901 59

This article reviews some of the past year's important papers, with particular emphasis on interesting connections between congenital pathology of the central nervous system and infantile strabismus, neuroimaging findings in meningomyelocele sustaining A-pattern strabismus, surgical outcome in strabismic children with cerebral palsy, and oculomotor problems in cerebral vascular diseases. Oculographic findings in myasthenic ocular palsies and a new form of congenital ocular fibrosis are also reviewed.
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PMID:Brain pathology and strabismus. 1016 4

This article reviews 14 of the past year's important published works on comitant strabismus, referring to the most interesting developments related to subjects such as epidemiology of comitant strabismus and prevalence of esotropia and exotropia in pathologic conditions like cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, and prematurity-factors influencing the surgical success in strabismus and functional outcomes of early surgery in essential infantile esotropia. Relevant anatomic and physiologic findings on extraocular muscle function are also discussed, which may contribute to our knowledge on the pathophysiology of congenital strabismus.
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PMID:Comitant strabismus. 1017 52


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