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Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The results of a study investigating the relationship of psychiatric and cognitive disorder with strabismus and its treatment in primary school aged children are reported. Results suggest that children with strabismus have a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorder, particularly an emotional disorder or psychosis. Subjects also had an increased risk of having educational problems and of exhibiting difficulties with tasks involving visual perception. Variables related to the nature and treatment of the strabismus did not appear influential in the development of the psychiatric disorder. Family disruption was significantly associated with both the presence of strabismus and emotional and behavioural problems in the children reported by parents and teachers.
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PMID:Psychological and educational correlates of strabismus in school children. 659 30

There is growing evidence that a variety of corneal disorders may be expressions of altered immune mechanisms. Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis is probably such a condition. Typically described as arising from hypersensitivity to tuberculin protein, other antigens clearly may participate, particularly staphylococcus products. When corneal involvement occurs, it need not be confined to the peripheral cornea. The symptoms of the process may be disproportionate to obvious findings and so exaggerated as to suggest a psychiatric disorder. Resultant visual deficits, if the disease is corneal, progressive, unrecognized, and untreated may be profound. Representative examples of this disease are cited. Immune mechanisms are reviewed. The importance of recognizing the characteristic sign and symptom complex is stressed. Appropriate diagnostic studies and treatment regimens are presented.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis. 726 47

A structural abnormality of chromosome 4 [inv 4 (p15.2; q21.3)] is reported in a male presenting with DSM-III-R schizophrenia, undifferentiated type (295.94) and in his mother, who displayed symptoms associated with schizotypal personality disorder (DSM-III-R 301.22). The proband had a performance IQ of 91, poor motor coordination, stature in the lowest quartile and an impaired sense of time. There were no diagnostic physical or neurological abnormalities. Mild ventricular enlargement and prominent sulci were found on computed tomography. Both he and his chromosomally normal father had strabismus which required surgical correction. This case joins the long list of chromosomal abnormalities previously reported to confer an increased risk of mental illness and emphasizes the importance of a sophisticated differential diagnosis in evaluating patients who present with symptoms of schizophrenia. The implications for recent initiatives which attempt to localize genes conferring susceptibility to schizophrenia and other major mental illnesses are discussed.
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PMID:A contribution to the differential diagnosis of the "group of schizophrenias": structural abnormality of chromosome 4. 791 48

According to the general principles of screening, detection of visual impairment in children is worthwhile, since the condition is a serious health problem, reliable diagnostic tests are available and effective treatment is possible in most instances of ocular and visual dysfunction. However, an evaluation of the screening procedures has not been properly done and the cost-benefit of screening has not been studied. The aim of the present study is to perform a systematic analysis of the screening programs for detection of visual dysfunction. In the screening two parts can be separated, one that concerns the more serious ocular and visual conditions which have to be discovered by general survey methods very early in life, and one that involves detection of less serious conditions, mainly amblyopia, which can be diagnosed by testing for monocular reduction of visual acuity at about 3-4 years of age. The performance characteristics of the screening programs used in Sweden and Canada were evaluated and found to be very favourable. Based on the analysis and the evaluation, recommendations are made on programs for vision screening in children that could be applied more widely. The program could involve all or parts of the following: 1) A careful inspection of the eyes in the neonatal period and preferably also examination of the red reflex with the ophthalmoscope. 2) Children at high risk for ocular and visual disorder, i.e. those born prematurely before 32 weeks of age, or with genetic disease, hearing deficit and/or neurological and mental disorder, should be examined at the proper age by an ophthalmologist. 3) All staff at pediatric departments and child health care centers should be familiar with the visual development of the normal baby and should be alerted to the various symptoms and signs which first warn parents that there may be a visual defect. An inspection of the eyes to detect squint should be part of all pediatric examinations. 4) A screening test of monocular visual acuity in 4 year-old children can be reliably performed by non-ophthalmic personnel after proper training. The screening test should be repeated by school nurses during the first grade of school, and at regular intervals during the school years. 5) The children that screen positively should be seen by ophthalmologists, and in some cases by orthoptists, without undue delay for diagnosis and treatment.
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PMID:Screening for ocular dysfunction in children: approaching a common program. 857 81

Examination of a 14-year-old male who was admitted to an inpatient unit with an acute paranoid syndrome yielded serious organic findings: macroencephaly, head tilted to one side, strabismus, neurological deficits, hydroencephaly and an expressive speech disorder. The personal and family history revealed a disturbance of motor development since infancy and psychiatric illness in the immediate family. The medication and the surgical procedure selected--endoscopic third ventriculostomy--are described and the difficult differential diagnosis is discussed.
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PMID:[Aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus in a psychotic adolescent]. 945 6

This study examined the relation between childhood ocular alignment deficits and adult psychiatric outcomes among children at high-risk for schizophrenia and controls. A sample of 265 Danish children was administered a standardized eye exam assessing strabismus and related ocular alignment deficits. All children whose mothers or fathers had a psychiatric diagnosis of schizophrenia comprised the first group (N=90). Children who had at least one parent with a diagnosis other than schizophrenia comprised the first matched control group (N=93). The second control group consisted of children with no parental diagnoses (N=82). In 1992, adult psychiatric outcome data were obtained for 242 of the original subjects. It was found that children who later developed a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder had significantly higher eye exam scale and strabismus scale scores compared to children who developed other non-psychotic psychopathology and children who did not develop a mental illness. The mean rank for children in the high-risk group (offspring of parents with schizophrenia) on the eye scale and the strabismus scale was greater than the mean rank for children in the matched control groups (both offspring of parents with other non-psychotic disorder and no mental illness), although the results failed to reach statistical significance. Results from this study suggest a premorbid relation between ocular deficits and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders in childhood prior to onset of psychopathology in adulthood. Strabismus may serve as a premorbid marker for spectrum disorders and may have implications for the understanding of early aberrant neurological development related to later schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
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PMID:Premorbid childhood ocular alignment abnormalities and adult schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. 1624 18

Schizophrenia, a neurodevelopmental mental disorder with heterogeneous features, poses major social and health-care challenges in Australia and worldwide. Ophthalmic findings in patients with schizophrenia are varied and include conditions that result from psychotropic complications such as sun gazing, heritable genetic endophenotypes such as oculomotor abnormalities and strabismus, treatment-related complications such as chlorpromazine lenticular and corneal deposits, and co-morbid health problems such as poor compliance. This report reviews special considerations for eye care in schizophrenia and provides case examples to illustrate the complexity of problems that optometrists may encounter with this population.
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PMID:Focus on eye care in schizophrenia. 3013 97