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Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this series amblyopia, uncorrectable by spectacles and occlusion, was highly likely (48%) if a child had +3.50 or more dioptres of meridional hypermetropia at age 1 year. 45% of children with this refraction also had a squint. All those who remained with severely defective acuity in spite of treatment had either +3.50 or more dioptres of meridional hypermetropia or 4 or more dioptres of meridional myopia at age 1 year. These children were identifiable in the 3.7% of the population at age 1 year who showed high refractive errors. Squint as such was not so accurately predictable. Of those children with squint 71% had less than +3.50 dioptres of meridional hypermetropia at age 1 year--an incidence of 4.4% of the population. Apart from two 'congenital myopes' only 16% of these had residual amblyopia after treatment, and their last known acuity was never less than 6/12. Astigmatism in infancy or later is not significantly associated with squint or amblyopia.
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PMID:Prediction of amblyopia and squint by means of refraction at age 1 year. 394 94

Visually evoked responses (VERs) were elicited by a reversing checkerboard target from a patient who suffered early onset bilateral deprivation of form vision as a result of a high refractive error, large amplitude strabismus, and congenital nystagmus. Monocular and binocular steady-state VERs were abnormal in amplitude and wave form even when a correction for the patient's large refractive error (compound hyperopic astigmatism) was worn. Although monocular VERs could not be normalized, a normal wave form and amplitude were restored to the binocular VER by the addition of horizontal prisms to the patient's ophthalmic prescription. The initially degraded binocular VER gradually acquired a normal morphology and amplitude as the magnitude of compensating base-out prisms in the patient's habitual ophthalmic prescription was systematically increased. The relationship between the binocular VER amplitude and the correcting prisms derived by the method described in this paper was subsequently used to arrive at a practical clinical solution for the patient's unusual and debilitating visual symptoms. This electrophysiological evaluation of binocular function at the cortical level proved to be a very useful diagnostic procedure with prognostic value; standard clinic procedures were ineffective in elaborating the patient's sensory and oculomotor disorders. The theoretical and practical implications of managing patients with a history of early onset visual deprivation are discussed.
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PMID:Normalization of binocular VERs after early onset visual deprivation in man. 619 62

Isotropic photorefraction is a technique which makes possible the rapid, economic, large scale screening of infants and young children for refractive errors. The relative size of blur circles reflected from the fundus in 3 flash photographs with different camera settings allows the size and direction of refractive errors to be estimated. The method has been validated against retinoscopic measures on a large group of infants. Findings of a high incidence of astigmatism in the first year are confirmed. Detection of hypermetropia in early infancy by this screening procedure may allow preventive treatment for accommodative strabismus.
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PMID:The use of isotropic photorefraction for vision screening in infants. 630 96

Isotropic photorefraction is a technique well suited for screening infants and young children for refractive errors. The photorefractive measurements have been empirically calibrated against retinoscopic refractions, so errors exceeding selected criteria can be identified in screening and followed up. Such a screening programme is in progress for the population of 6-9 month infants in the City of Cambridge. In 1096 infants screened 5% have been found to have large hypermetropic errors, 1.3% to show a refractive difference between the eyes (anisometropia) and less than 1% to have significant myopia or manifest strabismus. These findings were generally confirmed on retinoscopic examinations. In subsequent follow up of the large hypermetropic errors, most decline with age but a few show little or no change up to age 2 years and some show more change in one eye than the other leading to anisometropia. A trial is underway to examine whether early correction with spectacles can reduce the later incidence of strabismus and amblyopia in hypermetropic infants. Significant astigmatism is found in a large fraction of the infant population; the predominant axis of this astigmatism shows marked and unexplained variations between different locations in England.
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PMID:Vision screening and photorefraction - the relation of refractive errors to strabismus and amblyopia. 663 33

In conclusion, we can summarize our experience as follows: Exoplants oriented radially and wherever placed can be productive of important degrees of astigmatism and diplopia. In our experience, they are often associated with torsional diplopia; Surgery under the rectus muscles may be responsible for adhesions and limitations of excursion of the globe; Anteriorly placed exoplants, especially those placed under the rectus muscles and particularly temporally or below, are apt to erode the overlying muscle sheath and tendon; a muscle so eroded may sometimes be found reattached to the globe just posterior to the exoplant; Repeated surgical intervention, perhaps in association with careless or inaccurate closure of the periocular tissues, Tenon's fascia and conjunctiva, may be important factors in the production of strabismus; Factors which have not been responsible for strabismus as far as we can tell are encircling elements without exoplants and intraoperative detachment and reattachment of the extraocular muscles. I know of no instance where these alone have been productive of an important postoperative strabismus.
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PMID:Strabismus after retinal detachment surgery. 667 69

Fifty-four consecutive surgical cases of congenital ptosis were carefully evaluated to determine the incidence of refractive errors, strabismus and amblyopia. Of these patients, 70% had a refractive error, 43% had an astigmatism of more than 1.0, 55% had anisometropia, 27.5% had concomitant squint and 50% amblyopia.
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PMID:[Refractive errors, amblyopia and strabismus in congenital ptosis]. 670 84

Terrien's disease is an uncommon (Terrien himself saw only three cases in thirty years of practice) corneal condition characterized by vascularization, opacification, lipid deposition, and thinning. With progression, large degrees of astigmatism occur and perforation is a threat. One-third of cases exhibit an inflammatory component. While typically described as a disease of middle to late age, these four cases indicate the full spectrum of clinical disease may be seen by an ophthalmologist who cares for children.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Terrien's marginal corneal degeneration. 698 Feb 70

This study was undertaken to explain the possible correlation between heterophoria and stereopsis because, in the literature, there are different opinions. The subjects were 806 recruits. They were trained as rangefinder men, of whom a perfect stereopsis is required. The permitted maximal limits of heterophoria were 1 prism diopter (PrD) vertically, of esophoria 5 PrD, and of exophoria 6 PrD. Soldiers wit abnormal stereopsis, myopia, hyperopia more than 1.75, or astigmatism over 0.50 diopters, were omitted. The heterophoria was tested with Herschel's prism to 5 m distance. The stereoscopic vision was investigated using Pulfrich's device and the so-called three-needle test. No statistically significant correlation could be demonstrated between heterophoria and the degree of stereopsis. Surprisingly, it could be noticed that persons with esopheria finshed Pulfrich's test more quickly than those with exophoria. This difference was statistically highly significant. In the three-needle test, the results had the same trend. This might have some importance to rangefinder men and to pilots if it can be confirmed in the military practice.
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PMID:On the significance of heterophoria for stereoscopic vision. 708 58

The change in refractive status of an eye that has undergone muscle surgery appears to be due to cornea changes. While not all patients are affected, a moderate number will show enough change in astigmatism to cause a decrease in the visual acuity from a few letters to two lines difference. These changes, more commonly an increase in with the rule astigmatism, tend to disappear in time, although in an occasional patient they may persist. Such a change is especially noted when two nonadjacent recti muscles are operated on the same eye. One advantage in operating on the fixing eye is that of allowing a surgically induced amblyopic therapy to continue into the postoperative period. A noncycloplegic or "dry" retinoscopy seems to be a quick and effective way of determining the existence, though not the amount, of such a change in the refractive status.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:The changes in refractive status following routine strabismus surgery. 720 17

Familial congenital chorioretinal venous anastomoses in the area of the optic disc in a mother and her daughter are reported. The anomaly was accompanied, in both patients, by bilateral congenital cataracts, bilateral myopic astigmatism with amblyopia, and bilateral abnormal optic discs with corresponding visual field defects. The author postulates that all these ocular anomalies might have been transmitted by the same pleiotropic gene; however, he could not determine the exact mode of transmission of this syndrome. The chorioretinal venous anastomoses include vena vorticosa vaginalis (an accessory vortex vein draining into the pial plexus of the optic nerve sheath) in the mother and optico-ciliary vein in the daughter. The mother also had a dramatic posterior vortex vein that was located between the optic disc and the macula.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Familial chorioretinal vascular anastomoses and congenital cataracts. 720 20


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