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Query: UMLS:C0038379 (strabismus)
 9,317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two unrelated children, not affected with Down's syndrome, with strikingly similar phenotypes and an extra G-like chromosome are presented. Quinacrine and trypsin-Giemsa banding identified the extra chromosome as No. 22. The phenotype of these patients and the review of 15 additional similar cases from the literature permit a definition of the cardinal features of trisomy 22; mental and growth retardation, microcephaly and craniofacial asymmetry, strabismus, beaked and prominent nose, long philtrum, cleft palate, micrognathia, large low set ears with preauricular tags and/or pits, long slender fingers, congenital heart disease, inguinal hernia, and hip dislocation.
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PMID:Trisomy 22. Two new cases and delineation of the phenotype. 4 27

Cardiac rhythm was monitored in 219 patients who had ocular operations under general anaesthesia and in 15 patients who had cataract surgery under local analgesia. Of these, 140 were children having squint surgery. The high incidence of the oculo-cardiac reflex and the adequate protective effect of atropine 0-01 mg/kg given intravenously was confirmed. Isolated extrasystoles were common, particularly in older patients, and sustained ectopic cardiac arrhythmias were observed in 4-6 per cent of patients of all ages. The significance of these arrhythmias in relation to surgical stimulation and the anaesthetic drugs used is discussed.
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PMID:Reflex disturbances of cardiac rhythm during ophthalmic surgery. 5 91

Beside the automatic, obligatory and tonic coinnervation of the involuntary m. retroauricularis in conjugate lateral gaze (oculoauricular phenomenon, nystagmus) several other physiological ways of accidental coinnervation are described. In talking, chewing, swallowing and during involuntary inspiration irregular bursts of innervation may be registered. In sleep regular rhythmic inspiratory innervation is demonstrated as well as myoclonic jerks. With reservation, an allusion is made to rem-sleep. In "nervous subjects" irregular involuntary innervation of the m. retroauricularis might serve as a measurement instrument for the involuntary somatomotor nervous system, i.e. the degree of neurotic tensity. An early myasthenic reaction is gained from the M. retroauricularis in patients with ocular forms of the disease. A common motor nucleus of abducens and facial nerve is discussed. Complementary studies are announced on the various forms of facial paralysis, strabismus and nystagmus. A further diagnostic use is presumed.
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PMID:Function and innervation of the involuntary m. retroauricularis. 6 32

A genetic mutation in Siamese cats causes retinogeniculate fibers representing roughly the first 20 degrees of ipsilateral visual field in each eye to cross aberrantly in the optic chiasm and terminate in the wrong lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Previous investigations have shown that in the visual cortex this extra representation of ipsilateral visual field can be organized into one pattern in Boston Siamese cats, another in Midwestern. This finding was confirmed here. The possibility that the organization of the LGN might account for these two patterns was studied using combined anatomical and physiological methods. On the basis of microelectrode recordings from the visual cortex, 11 out of the 12 Siamese cats included here were Boston cats; one was Midwestern. The distribution of retinogeniculate terminals was examined in each cat using autoradiographic techniques following an eye-injection of 3H-proline. Overall, the LGN organization in Boston cats was similar to that of Midwestern: both lateral and medial normal segments of lamina A1 (mnA1) were present. In Boston cats, however, the mnA1 was remarkably small and shifted ventromedially in the nucleus to allow for the fusion between the medial borders of lamina A and the abnormal segment of A1. In the Midwestern cat this fusion was not apparent and the medial normal segment of A1 was significantly larger. These differences in organization of the LGN are consistent with those seen at the level of the visual cortex in Midwestern and Boston Siamese cats. It was not possible, however, to relate them clearly to the characteristic strabismus of these animals.
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PMID:A comparison of visual pathways in Boston and Midwestern Siamese cats. 6 78

During operations for squint nodal rhythm and other more serious arrhythmias such as heart block and multifocal ventricular extrasystoles, as well as the oculocardiac reflex, are shown to occur more frequently in patients with brown or hazel eyes than in patients with blue or grey eyes.
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PMID:Eye hue and the oculocardiac reflex. 7 77

Pediculosis ciliaris, though not as common as in the past, is still not a rare disorder. Infestation has become more prevalent among adolescents within the past few years. Severe itching, irritation, secondary conjunctivitis, and preauricular adenopathy may accompany the louse infestation. A brief review of the etiology and treatment of pediculosis ciliaris has been presented. Every physician should be aware of this disorder and be adequately prepared to treat it.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Pediculosis ciliaris. 8 72

An oil painting of a blind old English soldier done by James Ramsay in 1830 allows for some interesting thoughts about the use of symbolism in art and about the nature of blindness.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:The blind soldier: a study dealing with the symbolism of blindness in art. 8 7

A female child with brachycephaly, hypertelorism, convergent strabismus, interstitial keratitis, analgesia on both sides of the face, absent corneal reflexes, and focal congenital alopecia of a zone of the occipital and posterior parietal scalp is presented. The patient also had generalized hypotonia in early life, and at age 4 years 9 months, she was found to be moderately mentally subnormal and to have severe cerebellar deficit consisting of gait and truncal ataxia. There was no clinical evidence of other cranial nerves being affected. It is postulated that the patient has a cerebellotrigeminal and focal dermal dysplasia due to a development arrest of the ectoderm, which gives rise to the alar plate of the rhombencephalon, the overlying epidermis, the motor nucleus of V, and the trigeminal placodes.
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PMID:Cerebellotrigeminal and focal dermal dysplasia: a newly recognized neurocutaneous syndrome. 9 27

The variety of experimental manipulations shown to induce amblyopia in young cats and monkeys is described. A brief monocular eye closure of only one week or an artificial strabismus of only two weeks produces profound long-lasting changes in the electrophysiology and anatomy of the visual system. A poor quality of visual experience, an image imbalance between the two eyes, or any spatial or temporal incompatibility can produce these symptoms of amblyopia.
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PMID:The visual deprivation syndrome. 9 7

The rhesus monkey has evolved as a useful model for the study of amblyopia caused by neonatal lid closure and experimental strabismus and anisometropia. In view of the behavioral and anatomic similarities of the visual system in humans and rhesus monkeys, there is reason to believe that the neurophysiologic and anatomic anomalies identified in animals as part of the "visual deprivation syndrome" occur in humans as well. Animal research has led to better understanding of the basic mechanisms responsible for the development of amblyopia and the manner in which form vision deprivation and abnormal binocular interaction contribute to the various forms of unilateral and bilateral amblyopia. The period of susceptibility to abnormal visual stimulation in humans needs to be better defined, and the clinician must take precautions to avoid uncontrolled occlusion or prolonged unilateral cycloplegia in infants. Even though the factors leading to amblyopia in patients with unilateral or bilateral congenital cataracts are now better understood, the visual results are still disappointing. It is possible that the residual aniseikonia after contact lens correction may be amblyopiogenic in these patients.
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PMID:Application of basic research data to clinical amblyopia. 9 8


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