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Query: UMLS:C0038362 (stomatitis)
 8,852 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The current members of the genus parapoxvirus are orf virus (ORFV), bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV) and parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand (PVNZ). BPSV and PCPV are maintained in cattle while ORFV is maintained in sheep and goats, but all three are zoonoses. Only the recently reported PVNZ has yet to be recorded as infecting humans. Tentative members of the genus are camel contagious ecthyma virus, chamois contagious ecthyma virus and sealpoxvirus. The separation of the parapoxviruses into 4 distinct groups has been based on natural host range, pathology and, more recently, on restriction endonuclease and DNA/DNA hybridisation analyses. The latter studies have shown that the parapoxviruses share extensive homology between central regions of their genomes, but much lower levels of relatedness within the genome termini. The high G + C content of parapoxvirus DNA is in contrast to most other poxviruses and suggests that a significant genetic divergence from other genera of this family has occurred. DNA sequencing of portions of the genome of ORFV, the type species of the genus, has allowed a detailed comparison with the fully sequenced genome of the orthopoxvirus, vaccinia virus (VACV). These studies have provided a genetic map of ORFV and revealed a central core of 88 kbp within which the genomic content was strikingly similar to that of VACV. This conservation is not maintained in the genome termini where insertions, deletions and translocations have occurred. The characterisation of specific ORFV genes may lead to the construction of attenuated vaccine strains in which genes such as those with the potential to interfere with the immune response of the host have been deleted. The current ORFV vaccines are living unattenuated virus and vaccination lesions produce virus which contaminates the environment in a manner similar to natural infection. The virus in scab material is relatively resistant to inactivation and this virus both perpetuates the disease in sheep and provides the most likely source of human infections. A vaccine which immunises animals without perpetuating the disease could be the best way of reducing the incidence of ORFV infection of humans. It is likely that protection against infection by ORFV is cell mediated and will require the endogenous production of relevant antigens. We have recently constructed a series of VACV recombinants each of which contains a large multigene fragment of ORFV DNA. Together the recombinants represent essentially all of the ORFV genome in an overlapping manner. Vaccination of sheep with the recombinant library provided protection against challenge with virulent ORFV. Further studies with this library may enable dominant protective antigens of ORFV to be identified and lead to their incorporation into a subunit vaccine.
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PMID:Molecular genetic analyses of parapoxviruses pathogenic for humans. 941 23

The genus Parapoxvirus includes four members, bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), pseudocowpox virus (PCPV), orf virus (ORFV) and parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand (PVNZ). A set of primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was designed to detect viral DNA from cells infected with each of the four parapoxviruses. The set of primers resulted in the amplification of appropriately sized products from cells infected with BPSV, PCPV, ORFV and PVNZ, respectively. The PCR method was applied for the detection of seven field isolates of parapoxvirus from cattle, sheep and free-ranging wild Japanese serows. The expected size of DNA was amplified from cells infected with each of the seven isolates. No specific PCR products were detected from vaccinia virus-, fowlpox virus- and mock-infected cells. Moreover, by a semi-nested PCR with an inner primer and Southern blot analysis, viral DNA was detected from lesions of clinically affected cattle, sheep and Japanese serows. These results suggested that the PCR method used in this study was specific for the detection of parapoxviruses and thus useful for diagnosis of parapoxvirus infections, especially in discrimination from diseases with similar clinical symptoms.
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PMID:Detection and diagnosis of parapoxvirus by the polymerase chain reaction. 1068 Sep 70

Standard strains of four parapoxviruses and seven unclassified Japanese strains isolated from sheep, cattle and wild Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus) were compared molecularly. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of viral DNA, indirect immunofluorescence assays using monoclonal antibodies, partial nucleotide sequencing of the envelope gene, phylogenetic analysis and PCR-RFLP were carried out. These analyses revealed that the parapoxviruses were divided into four groups and the region sequenced in this study was highly conserved within each group. Each of the Japanese isolates was classified into one of these groups. These findings also indicated that parapoxvirus infections among wild Japanese serows seem to be caused by at least two different parapoxviruses, bovine papular stomatitis virus and orf virus. The methods presented here are useful for genetic characterization and classification of parapoxviruses.
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PMID:Genetic heterogeneity among parapoxviruses isolated from sheep, cattle and Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus). 1129 96

Viruses of the genus parapoxvirus from the family poxviridae cause widespread but localized diseases of small and large ruminants. The economically most important disease is contagious pustular dermatitis or contagious ecthyma among sheep and goats, often simply called orf. The parapoxviruses (PPV) can be transmitted to man leading to localized lesions that are named pseudocowpox or milkers' node as being mostly restricted to the hands and fingers. In cattle two forms of PPV manifestation are commonly observed, the bovine papular stomatitis in young calves and the occurrence of lesions at the udder of cows. We here report about the recent efforts in molecular characterization of orf viruses and the state of the art about the generation of orf virus recombinants. In addition the current knowledge on immune responses against orf viruses and some new data on the behaviour of orf virus recombinants under non-permissive conditions are reported.
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PMID:Parapoxviruses: from the lesion to the viral genome. 1191 96

We antigenically and molecularly compared 5 parapoxvirus isolates and 7 viral DNA samples from clinical lesions of Japanese serows with 3 viruses from sheep and goats. All isolates from Japanese serows except one, Ishikawa-S, reacted with six monoclonal antibodies to orf virus (ORFV). Restriction endonuclease analysis using amplified viral DNA showed the ORFV-specific pattern in all samples except Ishikawa-S, which showed a bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV)-specific pattern. Partial nucleotide sequences of the envelope genes were determined and those of all samples from Japanese serows and sheep except Ishikawa-S were completely identical and also had high identities with the goat virus. These findings suggest that parapoxvirus infection in Japanese serows might be mainly caused by ORFV and accidentally by BPSV. The envelope gene sequenced here seems to be conserved in Japanese ORFVs.
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PMID:Characterization of parapoxviruses circulating among wild Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus). 1236 24

The characterization of an orf virus (OV) isolated from skin lesions of a goat kid with severe, persistent, proliferative dermatitis, and designated orf virus-San Angelo 2000 (OV-SA00) strain, is described. The identity of OV-SA00 was confirmed by a combination of methods, including electron microscopy, amplification of specific fragments of viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction, restriction enzyme analysis of viral DNA and gene sequencing. Restriction endonuclease analyses of viral DNA and the protein profile studied by Western blot revealed differences between OV-SA00 strain and the profiles of other OV strains that have been published. The restriction enzyme profile of OV-SA00 was also different from the orf virus vaccine (OV-V) strain used to vaccinate this kid. Comparison of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences indicated that OV-SA00 is closely related to OV-V strain, the Scottish OV strains orf11 and MRI Scab, and the human OV-CE/Shoe strain and more distant to bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) reference strain and the pseudocowpox virus (PCPV)-MNV/Till strain. These results indicate that OV-SA00 is a strain of OV rather than a different parapoxvirus. Further studies are necessary to determine if the severity of orf-induced lesions in this goat kid was the result of individual host susceptibility factors.
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PMID:Characterization of a North American orf virus isolated from a goat with persistent, proliferative dermatitis. 1278 65

In the present study, an outbreak of proliferative dermatitis in musk ox (Ovibos moschatus), Sichuan takin (Budorcas taxicolor tibetana) and domestic Shetland sheep (Ovis aries) in a zoo is described. Skin lesions consisted of severe, persistent, multifocal, proliferative dermatitis in musk ox, and mild, transient, focal, dermatitis in the Sichuan takin and Shetland sheep. Parapoxviruses were isolated from skin lesions, and characterized by restriction enzyme analysis and partial gene sequencing. The results of this investigation indicate that the outbreak of proliferative dermatitis was due to infection by a single parapoxvirus, which is genetically closely related to other orf virus (ORFV) strains but distant to bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and pseudocowpox virus (PCPV).
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PMID:Genetic characterization of orf viruses isolated from various ruminant species of a zoo. 1501 99

Cutaneous pox-like lesions are a common complication in the rehabilitation of pinnipeds. However, the exact identity, taxonomy, and host range of pinniped parapoxviruses remain unknown. During a poxvirus outbreak in May 2003 in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) at a marine mammal rehabilitation facility, multiple raised, firm, 1-3-cm skin nodules from the head, neck, and thorax of one sea lion weanling pup that spontaneously died were collected. Histologically, the nodules were characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the dermis and epidermis, acanthosis, and ballooning degeneration of the stratum spinosum. Large, coalescing eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions were observed in the ballooned cells. A parapoxvirus (sea lion poxvirus 1, SLPV-1) was isolated on early passage California sea lion kidney cells inoculated with a tissue homogenate of a skin nodule. The morphology of the virions on electron microscopy was consistent with that of parapoxviruses. Partial sequencing of the genomic region encoding the putative major virion envelope antigen p42K confirmed the assignment of the sea lion poxvirus to the genus Parapoxvirus. Although SLPV-1 is most closely related to the poxvirus of harbor seals of the European North Sea, it is significantly different from orf virus, bovine papular stomatitis virus, pseudocowpox virus and the parapoxvirus of New Zealand red deer.
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PMID:Pathology and preliminary characterization of a parapoxvirus isolated from a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). 1669 45

Orf virus (ORFV), the type species of Parapoxvirus, is responsible for contagious ecthyma in sheep and goats. In the present report, sequence analysis of major envelope gene (B2L) of four Indian orf virus isolates originating two each from sheep and goats was carried out. These recent isolates belonged to different outbreaks that occurred in Kumaon hills and adjoining plains during 2004-2005. Preliminary screening of the scab samples was carried out by diagnostic PCR. Full-length B2L gene encoding for immunogenic major envelope protein from all the four ORFV isolates was amplified by PCR and the amplicons (1206 bp) were cloned and sequenced. Comparative sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 1137 nucleotides (nt) encoding a polypeptide of 378 amino acids (aa). Indian isolates were highly related amongst themselves with sequence identity of over 97% at the nt and aa level. Further, they showed 97-98% sequence identity with sequences of other ORFV isolates from around the world; while 94-95 and 82.7-83.8% sequence identity was observed, respectively, with pseudocowpox and bovine papular stomatitis viruses--the other members of the genus. Phylogenetic analysis also showed that these Parapoxviruses from sheep and goats are closely related to other orf viruses reported worldwide.
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PMID:Comparative sequence analysis of major envelope protein gene (B2L) of Indian orf viruses isolated from sheep and goats. 1677 57

Stomatitis in sheep caused by orf virus can be confused with lesions of more economically significant diseases, including foot-and-mouth disease, but there is no published account of the sequential development of oral orf lesions in the sheep. This report describes the clinical appearance of such lesions during a natural outbreak of the disease in young lambs. Lesions were seen on the gingiva, the tongue and the dental pad/hard palate, and progressed from small erythematous papules to larger, often coalescing papules that in some cases were ulcerated. Resolution started within seven days and was complete within 22 days. The lambs continued to suck and thrive throughout the infection. Lesions at all stages were proliferative, providing a major differentiating factor between orf and other causes of stomatitis in sheep.
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PMID:The development of oral lesions in lambs naturally infected with orf virus. 1718 14


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