Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0038362 (stomatitis)
 8,852 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although there are notable infectious conditions that are capable of producing clinical disease in the NWC, overall, these species are quite healthy. Of the bacterial diseases, enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens types C and D would be deemed the most significant in North America, while type A also would be regarded as important in South America. Other important bacterial infections of potential concern are tuberculosis, Johne's disease, anthrax, malignant edema, actinomycosis, tetanus, and the South American condition referred to as alpaca fever, which, to date, has not been observed in North America. Fungal infections include classical ringworm, principally caused by Trichophyton spp., and the cases of coccidioidomycosis that are associated with the arid desert lands of the southwestern United States. Most notable of naturally occurring viral infections in the NWC would be rabies, ecthyma, and a recently described blindness neuropathy that has been associated with the equine herpesvirus I. NWC can be infected experimentally with agents causing hoof-and-mouth disease and vesicular stomatitis, but naturally occurring cases do not seem to occur. Serological evidence of exposure to many viral agents, including blue tongue, parainfluenza 3, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus I, bovine viral diarrhea, influenza A, and rotavirus, has been demonstrated; however, no clinical disease associated with these agents, as yet, is apparent.
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PMID:Infectious diseases of New-World camelids (NWC). 264 31

One preparation of interferon (IF) on 7-day-old bovine embryonic lung cultures free of bovine viral diarrhea virus had titers ranging from 20 to 10,240 in plaque-reduction tests, using bovine vesicular stomatitis virus. Factors believed to contribute to this variation were investigated. Although titers differed on different cell strains, different passages, and on cultures of different ages, variations between the two assays definitely could not be established as a function of these factors. However, IF titers on low passage cultures were usually lower than were titers on subsequent passages of the same cell strain. Calf serum in the diluent for IF reduced the titer one or two twofold dilutions. Over the range of 7 to 24 hours contact of IF with bovine embryonic lung cultures, and titer decreased steadily and was one twofold dilution less at 24 hours than it was at 7 hours. Latent viruses were not found in cultures by electron microscopy. Treatment of cultures with a noncytopathogenic strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus almost eliminated the effect of IF. Naturally occurring production of IF was not a major problem. While IF was on the cells, the pH of IF had a pronounced effect on the titer and may have been responsible for the vatiation observed with different passages, different cell strains, use of cultures of different ages, and use of calf serum in the diluent. Interferon at a low pH had a titer three or four twofold dilutions less than did the IF at a high pH.
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PMID:Factors affecting the assay of bovine type I interferon on bovine embryonic lung cells. 615 40

The antiviral effects of bovine interferons on the replication of bovine respiratory tract viruses were studied. Bovine turbinate monolayer cultures were treated with bovine interferons and challenged with several bovine herpesvirus 1 strains, bovine viral diarrhea virus, parainfluenza type 3 virus, goat respiratory syncytial virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine adenovirus type 7, or vesicular stomatitis virus. Treatment with bovine interferons reduced viral yield for each of these viruses as compared with that of control cultures.
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PMID:Antiviral effects of bovine interferons on bovine respiratory tract viruses. 620 5

Bovine cells free of noncytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus (NC-BVDV) treated with polyriboinosinic acid : polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C) were protected against challenge with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), whereas NC-BVDV-infected cells treated with poly I:C were not protected against VSV. An assay based on the ability of NC-BVDV to inhibit poly I:C protection of cells against VSV was developed and is herein referred to as PINBA (poly I:C for NC-BVDV assay). Noncytopathogenic BVDV was titrated as cytopathogenic strains except that several days after infection with NC-BVDV, the cultures were treated with poly I:C and VSV. Titration endpoints were reached 24 hours later. PINBA was standardized for amount of VSV, time of addition of poly I:C, and time NC-BVDV had to be present to obtain stable titration endpoints. PINBA also was useful for titrating virus neutralizing antibodies. Compared with the fluorescent antibody test, PINBA was less subjective for detection of NC-BVDV. Compared with the interference test in which NC-BVDV infected cultures are challenged with a cytopathogenic strain of BVDV, PINBA was more reliable. The technique described herein is a simple and practical microtiter method for titrating NC-BVDV and virus neutralizing antibodies and for the presumptive detection of NC-BVDV.
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PMID:A microtiter test for detecting and titrating noncytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus. 628 73

The use of polyriboinosinic acid:polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C) for noncytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus (NC-BVDV) assay (PINBA) was studied. Several viruses were tested for their suitability as test challenge viruses. In addition to vesicular stomatitis virus, which previously was shown to be a suitable challenge virus, bovine enteroviruses also were found to be suitable, whereas infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and parainfluenza type 3 virus were only marginally suitable. Bovine embryonic skin (BES) cultures developed resistance to PINBA within a few in vitro passages, whereas bovine embryonic lung (BEL) cultures did not. At certain passages, BES cultures were 500,000 times more resistant than BEL cultures. To determine whether the difference in viral titers on BEL and BES cultures was due to NC-BVDV replication, PINBA and fluorescent antibody assays were compared on the cultures. Resistance of BES cultures to PINBA was not due to an inability of the virus to replicate in the cultures, but was due to an inability of PINBA to detect the virus. Viral titers were comparable by fluorescent antibody assay titers on BES and BEL cultures, but were considerably higher than viral titers on BES cultures with PINBA. Variations in viral titers, using PINBA on BEL cultures, were observed and were considered to be due to cultural conditions, such as the presence of low levels of BVDV antibodies in bovine fetal serum used in the medium. Treatment of BEL cultures with poly I:C or interferon showed that NC-BVDV was sensitive to interferon as determined by virus-yield reduction.
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PMID:Characteristics of the polyriboinosinic acid:polyribocytidylic acid assay for noncytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus. 631 54

A high incidence of bovine papular stomatitis (BPS) occurred in neonatal calves following neonatal thymectomy and antilymphocyte globulin treatment, sham thymectomy, treatment with normal horse globulin and in untreated calves. The source of BPS virus was not identified but was suspected to be latent in the calves and activated by thymectomy although no experimental evidence directly supported this conclusion. The potential for activation of a latent BPS infection was indicated by an apparent relationship between the stress of surgery or foreign protein inoculation and the severity of lesions. Subsequent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection did not result in recrudescence.
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PMID:Increased incidence of bovine papular stomatitis in neonatal calves. 710 38

Intravenous immunoglobulins and serum protein solutions are manufactured from human plasma pools of healthy, screened donors. A step-by-step validation of virus removal and/or inactivation was performed for the manufacturing process, which includes cold ethanol fractionation, beta-propiolactone (beta-PL) treatment, UV irradiation, thermal inactivation and other chemical and physical purification steps. The total viral clearance factors achieved for the entire manufacturing process were by several magnitudes greater than the potential virus load of current plasma pools. Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infectivity was reduced by > 13.4 log for 7S immunoglobulin, > 15.3 log for IGM enriched immunoglobulin and > 16 log for a 5% serum protein solution. In addition, high clearance rate for a broad spectrum of model viruses was demonstrated for all three blood derivatives being > 23.2 to > 27.8 log for pseudo rabies virus (PSR), > 12.3 to > 22.6 log for vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and 6.9-10.6 log for simian virus 40 (SV40). For the beta-propiolactone inactivation step Hepatitis C model viruses, e.g. equine arteritis virus (EAV) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) were also investigated.
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PMID:Validation of virus inactivation and removal for the manufacturing procedure of two immunoglobulins and a 5% serum protein solution treated with beta-propiolactone. 811 39

Non-cytopathogenic (NCP) bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) viruses were isolated from three cytopathogenic (CP) BVD virus stocks using the reverse plaque formation method, which was based on intrinsic interference. By means of an exaltation of Newcastle disease virus (END) test, these NCP BVD viruses were divided into two groups; END phenomenon positive (END+) and END phenomenon negative (END-) viruses. Additionally, the END+ NCP BVD viruses interfered only with CP BVD virus whereas the END- NCP BVD viruses interfered with vesicular stomatitis virus as well as CP BVD virus. Differences in antigenicity existed among the three CP strains, however, each group of parent CP BVD virus and derivative NCP BVD virus was antigenically indistinguishable.
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PMID:Isolation of different non-cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) viruses from cytopathogenic BVD virus stocks using reverse plaque formation method. 812 99

In order to increase the virus safety of a solvent/detergent-treated Factor VIII concentrate in regard to non-lipid coated viruses and to respond to the continuous discussion about reports on hepatitis A transmission by Factor VIII preparations, we have investigated the effect of a terminal dry heat treatment (30 min 100 degrees C) on HAV and various other viruses. By this treatment Hepatitis A virus was inactivated below detectable level after a few minutes (> 5.3 log10). Other RNA viruses such as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (> 6.6 log10), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (> 6.6 log10) and vesicular stomatitis virus (> 5.8 log10) were also inactivated below detectable level. Pseudo rabies virus and reovirus Type 3 are inactivated by 5.7 and > 6.0 log10, respectively. SV40 and bovine parvo virus showed significant resistance to dry heat treatment. We conclude that the involvement of two strong virus inactivation steps, acting by different mechanisms, improves the virus safety of Factor VIII concentrates without destroying the Factor VIII activity. Moreover, the terminal 100 degrees C heat treatment for 30 min represents an effective measure to inactivate non-lipid enveloped viruses, in particular hepatitis A, which is resistant to solvent/detergent treatment.
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PMID:Improvement of virus safety of a S/D-treated factor VIII concentrate by additional dry heat treatment at 100 degrees C. 888 59

Twenty free-ranging guanaco (Lama guanicoe) in Chubut Province, Argentina, were immobilized for health evaluations. All but two animals appeared to be in good condition. Hematology, serum chemistry, and vitamin and mineral levels were measured, and feces were evaluated for parasites. Serology tests included bluetongue, brucellosis, bovine respiratory syncitial virus, bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease, equine herpesvirus 1, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, Johne's disease (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis), foot and mouth disease, leptospirosis (17 serovars), parainfluenza-3, and vesicular stomatitis. Blood samples from 20 domestic sheep (Ovis aries) maintained in the same reserve with the guanaco were also collected at the same time for serology tests. No guanaco had positive serologic tests. Sheep were found to have antibody titers to bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Johne's disease, leptospirosis, and parainfluenza-3. There was no apparent difference in external appearance or condition, or statistical difference in blood test values, between the animals that were positive or negative for parasite ova.
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PMID:Health evaluation of free-ranging guanaco (Lama guanicoe). 973 26


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