Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0038362 (stomatitis)
 8,852 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A new means of direct visualization of the early events of viral infection by selective fluorescence labeling of viral proteins coupled with digital imaging microscopy is reported. The early phases of viral infection have great importance for understanding viral replication and pathogenesis. Vesicular stomatitis virus, the best-studied rhabdovirus, is composed of an RNA genome of negative sense, five viral proteins, and membrane lipids derived from the host cell. The glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus was labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, and the labeled virus was incubated with baby hamster kidney cells. After initiation of infection, the fluorescence of the labeled glycoprotein was first seen inside the cells in endocytic vesicles. The fluorescence progressively migrated to the nucleus of infected cells. After 1 h of infection, the virus glycoprotein was concentrated in the nucleus and could be recovered intact in a preparation of purified nuclei. These results suggest that uncoating of the viral RNA occurs close to the nuclear membrane, which would precede transcription of the leader RNA that enters the nucleus to shut off cellular RNA synthesis and DNA replication.
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PMID:Migration of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein to the nucleus of infected cells. 871 Aug 59

Current gene therapy protocols for HIV infection use transfection or murine retrovirus mediated transfer of antiviral genes into CD4+ T cells or CD34+ progenitor cells ex vivo, followed by infusion of the gene altered cells into autologous or syngeneic/allogeneic recipients. While these studies are essential for safety and feasibility testing, several limitations remain: long-term reconstitution of the immune system is not effected for lack of access to the macrophage reservoir or the pluripotent stem cell population, which is usually quiescent, and ex vivo manipulation of the target cells will be too expensive and impractical for global application. In these regards, the lentivirus-specific biologic properties of the HIVs, which underlie their pathogenetic mechanisms, are also advantageous as vectors for gene therapy. The ability of HIV to specifically target CD4+ cells, as well as non-cycling cells, makes it a promising candidate for in vivo gene transfer vector on one hand, and for transduction of non-cycling stem cells on the other. Here we report the use of replication-defective vectors and stable vector packaging cell lines derived from both HIV-1 and HIV-2. Both HIV envelopes and vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G were effective in mediating high-titer gene transfer, and an HIV-2 vector could be cross-packaged by HIV-1. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 vectors were able to transduce primary human macrophages, a property not shared by murine retroviruses. Vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G-pseudotyped HIV vectors have the potential to mediate gene transfer into non-cycling hematopoietic stem cells. If so, HIV or other lentivirus-based vectors will have applications beyond HIV infection.
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PMID:Development of HIV vectors for anti-HIV gene therapy. 887 46

Vesicular stomatitis is a disease of livestock caused by some members of the Vesiculovirus genus (Family Rhabdoviridae), two of which are called 'vesicular stomatitis virus'. Clinical disease presents as severe vesiculation and/or ulceration of the tongue, oral tissues, feet, and teats, and results in substantial loss of productivity. Except for its appearance in horses, it is clinically indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease. Unlike foot-and-mouth disease, it is very infectious for man and can cause a temporarily debilitating disease. Vesicular stomatitis occurs seasonally every year in the southeastern USA, southern Mexico, throughout Central America and in northern South America, and emerges from tropical areas to cause sporadic epidemics in cooler climates during the summer months. Other Vesiculoviruses are endemic in India and Africa. Vesiculoviruses are arthropod-borne and it is possible they are actually well adapted insect viruses that incidentally infect mammals. Vesiculoviruses are relatively simple, having a linear, single stranded, negative sense RNA genome encased in a bullet-shaped virion made from only five proteins. Upon infection of cultured cells, viral products turn off cellular gene expression and seize the entire metabolic potential of the cell. They also depolymerize the cytoskeleton to cause rapid tissue destruction. Virus infection in animals provokes interferon and nitric oxide responses, which quickly control viral replication, and an antibody response that prevents further viral replication. Vesiculovirus genome replication is error-prone, resulting in viral progeny containing many variants. This allows rapid adaptation. Nevertheless, vesicular stomatitis virus genomic sequences appear relatively stable within single endemic areas, and vary progressively on a North-South axis in the Western Hemisphere. Numerous important fundamental discoveries in immunology and virology have come from recent studies of vesicular stomatitis virus. However, these discoveries have not led to a safe and fully effective vaccine for man or beast. In the absence of a vaccine, the continual increase in rapid intercontinental travel, the increase in numbers and concentration of susceptible animals, the plasticity of the viral genome, and the underappreciation of vesiculoviruses as veterinary and zoonotic pathogens by regulators and biomedical researchers, are combining with potentially explosive consequences.
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PMID:Vesicular stomatitis. 1032 37

Vesicular stomatitis is an economically important arboviral disease of livestock. Viremia is absent in infected mammalian hosts, and the mechanism by which insects become infected with the causative agents, vesicular stomatitis viruses, remains unknown. Because infected and noninfected insects potentially feed on the same host in nature, infected and noninfected black flies were allowed to feed on the same host. Viremia was not detected in the host after infection by a black fly bite, but because noninfected black flies acquired the virus while co-feeding on the same host with infected black flies, it is concluded that a viremic host is not necessary for an insect to be infected with the virus. Thus co-feeding is a mechanism of infection for an insect-transmitted virus.
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PMID:Transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus from infected to noninfected black flies co-feeding on nonviremic deer mice. 1064 50

Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is an important disease of cattle, horses and pigs. The causal agent is an arbovirus; vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) of which two distinct serotypes New Jersey (NJ) and Indiana (IN) have been described. The clinical signs in cattle and pigs are undistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), one of the most devastating viral infections of livestock. VSV is the most important cause of vesicular disease in FMD-free countries in the Americas, causing thousands of outbreaks every year from southern Mexico to northern South America. In the United States VS has two different patterns of occurrence; in the southeastern states (Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina and South Carolina) a pattern of yearly occurrence of clinical cases in livestock was reported from early 1900s until the mid 1970s. Since then, viral activity in the region has been focal and limited to isolated wildlife populations. In contrast in the southwestern states (New Mexico, Arizona, Utah and Colorado) VS outbreaks have occurred sporadically at approximately 10-year intervals, with the last cycle of activity occurring from 1995 to 1998. Phylogenetic analyses of VSV have shown that distinct viral lineages occur in the southwestern and southeastern US. Furthermore, in the last 70 years each sporadic outbreak in the Southwest was associated to viral lineages distant from those causing previous outbreaks in the US but closely related to viruses maintained in endemic areas of Mexico. This pattern of viral occurrence contrasts with that observed in endemic areas in Central and South America where viral genetic lineages are maintained in specific ecological areas over long periods of time. The phylogenetic data together with the geographical and temporal distribution of outbreaks indicate that VSV does not have a stable endemic cycle in the western United States.
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PMID:Emergence and re-emergence of vesicular stomatitis in the United States. 1203 87

Vesicular stomatitis, a disease of cattle, horses, and swine, is caused by either vesicular stomatitis virus, New Jersey serotype (VSV-NJ), or vesicular stomatitis virus, Indiana serotype, which are related viruses in the genus Vesiculovirus, family Rhabdoviridae. Although recognized for at least 160 years, the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this disease remains undefined. Black flies have been suggested as a vector for VSV-NJ. In this study we infected three- to four-week-old female black flies with VSV-NJ via feeding of virus-spiked ox blood or intrathoracic inoculation, and demonstrated the location of virus by immunohistochemistry. These preliminary findings suggest that VSV-NJ initially infects the gut in the natural situation but that subsequent spread to the salivary gland may be blocked in older flies, decreasing their ability to transmit the virus. The pattern of staining was different in intrathoracic inoculated flies. In these flies, salivary gland involvement was more likely, and extensive staining of eye, brain, and hemolymph suggested a more generalized infection that apparently circumvented the gut. We conclude that intrathoracic inoculation may be an inappropriate method of infection for determining vector competence and that the age of the vector should be considered when conducting competency studies.
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PMID:Immunolocalization of vesicular stomatitis virus in black flies (Simulium vittatum). 1238 14

A multiplex single-tube reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been developed for the detection and differentiation of vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV), Indiana 1 and New Jersey, from insect samples. Using this assay, detection of either or both viruses in as little as 20 fg of total RNA from tissue culture was achieved, along with detection of vesicular stomatitis (VS) RNA from macerates containing 2 infected mosquitoes in pools of 10-30 noninfected mosquitoes. Vesicular stomatitis virus was detected by RT-PCR in all culture-positive samples, and detection as low as 4 plaque forming units per milliliter was achieved. Comparison between RT-PCR and tissue culture revealed that RT-PCR was able to detect VSV in a volume of insect macerate averaging almost 100 times less than that required for detection by tissue culture. The reported RT-PCR is a potential valuable tool for rapid and sensitive detection and differentiation of VS in insects because intense work associated with viral isolation, the cytotoxicity of insect extracts, and separate virus identification steps can be avoided. Potential application to detection and differentiation of VSV serotypes from vertebrate hosts is addressed.
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PMID:A single-tube multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for detection and differentiation of vesicular stomatitis Indiana 1 and New Jersey viruses in insects. 1466 19

Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is an economically devastating disease of livestock in the Americas. Despite strong circumstantial evidence for the role of arthropods in epizootics, no hematophagous vector explains the field evidence. Based on the spatiotemporal association of grasshopper outbreaks and VS epizootics, we investigated the potential role of these insects as vectors and reservoirs of the disease. The critical steps in the grasshopper-bovine transmission cycle were demonstrated, including 1) 62% of grasshoppers [Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.)] fed vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) from cell culture became infected, with titers reaching 40,000 times the inoculative dose; 2) 40% of grasshoppers that cannibalized VSV-infected grasshopper cadavers became infected, amplifying virus up to 1,000-fold; 3) one of three cattle consuming VSV-infected grasshopper cadavers contracted typical VS and shed virus in saliva; and 4) 15% of grasshoppers became infected when fed saliva from this infected cow. The ecological conditions and biological processes necessary for these transmissions to occur are present throughout much of the Americas. Field studies will be required to show these findings are relevant to the natural epidemiology of VSV.
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PMID:Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) could serve as reservoirs and vectors of vesicular stomatitis virus. 1476 76

The transmission routes of Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV), a causative agent of vesicular stomatitis, an Office International des Epizooties List-A disease, are not completely understood. Epidemiological and entomological studies conducted during the sporadic epidemics in the western United States have identified potential virus transmission routes involving insect vectors and animal-to-animal contact. In the present study we experimentally tested the previously proposed transmission routes which were primarily based on field observations. Results obtained provide strong evidence for the following: (1) hematophagous insects acquire VSNJV by unconventional routes while blood feeding on livestock, (2) clinical course of VSNJV infection in livestock following transmission by an infected insect is related to insect bite site, (3) infection of livestock via insect bite can result in multiple transmission possibilities, including animal-to-animal contact. Taken together, these data significantly add to our understanding of the transmission routes of a causative agent of one of the oldest known infectious diseases of livestock, for which the details have remained largely unknown despite decades of research.
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PMID:Black fly involvement in the epidemic transmission of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (Rhabdoviridae: Vesiculovirus). 1567 39

Vesicular stomatitis (VS) outbreaks of unknown origin occur at 8-10-year intervals in the south-western USA with the most recent outbreak beginning in 2004. A previous study has suggested that strains causing US outbreaks are closely related to strains causing outbreaks in Mexico [Rodriguez (2002) Virus Res 85, 211-219]. This study determined the phylogenetic relationships among 116 vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) strains obtained from the 2004 outbreak and from endemic areas in Mexico. All 69 US viruses showed little sequence divergence (<or=1.3 %), regardless of their location or time of collection, and clustered with 11 Mexican viruses into a genetic lineage not previously present in the USA. Furthermore, viruses with identical phosphoprotein hypervariable region sequences to those causing the US outbreaks in 1995-1997 and 2004-2005 were found circulating in Mexico between 2002 and 2004. Molecular adaptation analysis provided evidence for positive selection in the phosphoprotein and glycoprotein genes during a south-to-north migration among 69 US viruses collected between the spring and autumn of 2004 and 2005. Phylogenetic data, temporal-spatial distribution and the finding of viral strains identical to those causing major outbreaks in the USA circulating in Mexico demonstrated that VS outbreaks in the south-western USA are the result of the introduction of viral strains from endemic areas in Mexico.
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PMID:Molecular epidemiology of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus from the 2004-2005 US outbreak indicates a common origin with Mexican strains. 1755 39


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