Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of clinical signs of malnutrition, and to measure the interrelationship with socioeconomic, anthropometric, dietetic and educational achievement parameters. A random sample of 550 Chilean elementary and high school graduates (1:1), of both sexes (1:1), from public and private schools (1:1) and from high, medium and low socioeconomic status (SES) (1:1:1), was chosen in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago, Chile. SES was measured through the Graffar Modified Scale. Clinical signs of malnutrition were assessed according to Jelliffe. Nutritional status was determined by means of anthropometric measurements: percentages of weight/age (W/A), height/age (H/A) and weight for height (W/H) were compared with the WHO Tables; head circumference/age (HC/A) with the Tanner Tables, and branchial anthropometric parameters by applying the Frisancho norms. Standard procedures for the 24 hour dietary recall interviews were used to collect data, and adequacy of intake was assessed by the FAO/WHO pattern. Educational achievement (EA) was measured through the Achievement Evaluation Program, (AEP) and Academic Aptitude Test (AAT) in elementary and high school graduates, respectively. Results showed that apart from caries (87.5%), most prevalent clinical signs of malnutrition were dermatosis (13.4%), follicular hyperkeratosis type I (13.2%), nasolabial dyssebacea (7.9%), lustreless hair (7.7%), angular stomatitis (4.4%) and cheilosis (2.7%). The number of clinical signs of malnutrition was found inversely and significantly associated with SES, H/A, vitamin A and calcium intake, as well as with EA, besides registering a lower nutrient intake, specially for energy, riboflavin and niacin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Nutrition and education. IV. Clinical signs of malnutrition and its relationship with socioeconomic, anthropometric, dietetic and educational achievement parameters. 130 41

In 6 villages in the Kathmandu valley of Nepal, an intensive health and nutrition study was conducted on 26 lactating women and their 2-6-month-old infants. Analysis of 24-hour duplicate diet composites indicated that the mothers were consuming approximately 2100 kcal energy/d. The diets contained approximately 62 g protein (11.6% of the calories), 392 g carbohydrate (73.3% of the calories), and 20.9% g fat (8.6% of the calories) and a mean of 24 g neutral detergent fiber. Although anthropometric measurements indicated that the mothers had mild protein malnutrition and inadequate energy reserves, their infants exhibited low-normal weight and length for age. All the mothers had hepatitis A antibodies; 92% had tropical eosinophilia, indicating intestinal parasites; 16% had cheilosis and angular stomatitis, indicating a possible B-vitamin deficiency; and 8% had elevated urinary nitrite, indicating urinary tract infection. There were no unusual physical findings on the infants. Although the children appeared healthy, the mohters showed evidence of multiple infections and possible nutrient deficiencies.
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PMID:Nutritional and medical status of lactating women and their infants in the Kathmandu valley of Nepal. 335 97

The average riboflavin intake of 11 200 schoolchildren, aged 12-19 years, in Guangdong Province, China, was measured. Food intake was measured by weighing, and riboflavin intake was calculated by means of food tables. The average intake of riboflavin was 0.45 mg/day. In addition, clinical observations were made in 1313 adolescents in the dietary survey. The findings were consistent with the low intake of riboflavin. The observed clinical signs of riboflavin deficiency were scrotal dermatitis (7.9% of boys), angular stomatitis (5.8% of boys, 2.7% of girls), cheilosis (8.0% of boys, 5.6% of girls) and magenta tongue (36.0% of boys, 40.8% of girls). Corneal vascularization was found only in two of the 1313 children. Scrotal lesions resolved within three to six days after the oral administration of riboflavin (15 mg/day); the resolution of tongue and lip signs progressed more slowly.
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PMID:Riboflavin status of adolescents in southern China. Average intake of riboflavin and clinical findings. 649 12

13-cis-Retinoic acid (13-cRA) induces maturation and differentiation of neoplastic myeloid cell lines in vitro. We conducted a phase I clinical trial of 13-cRA in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), using a single daily oral dose schedule. Seventeen patients with MDS and one each with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis were treated with 13-cRA at doses ranging from 20 to 125 mg/m2/day. Hepatotoxicity was dose-limiting and was manifested by hyperbilirubinemia and increased SGOT levels. This effect was seen only at the highest dose level of 125 mg/m2/day and was completely reversible upon cessation of the drug. Other toxic effects were mild, and included cheilosis, hyperkeratosis, stomatitis, and elevation of serum triglyceride levels. Fifteen patients with MDS were evaluable for therapeutic response. Five patients showed improvement in hematologic parameters. These responses included normalization of bone marrow blast count and increases in leukocyte count, platelet count, and/or hemoglobin concentration. Responses were generally not seen until at least 3 weeks of therapy were completed. We conclude that further study of 13-cRA in myelodysplastic syndromes is warranted and recommend that future studies utilize a starting dose of 100 mg/m2.
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PMID:Phase I clinical trial of 13-cis-retinoic acid in myelodysplastic syndromes. 658 71

The glucagonoma syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by weight loss, necrolytic migratory erythema (NME), diabetes, stomatitis, and diarrhea. We identified 21 patients with the glucagonoma syndrome evaluated at the Mayo Clinic from 1975 to 1991. Although NME and diabetes help identify patients with glucagonomas, other manifestations of malignant disease often lead to the diagnosis. If the diagnosis is made after the tumor is metastatic, the potential for cure is limited. The most common presenting symptoms of the glucagonoma syndrome were weight loss (71%), NME (67%), diabetes mellitus (38%), cheilosis or stomatitis (29%), and diarrhea (29%). Although only 8 of the 21 patients had diabetes at presentation, diabetes eventually developed in 16 patients, 75% of whom required insulin therapy. Symptoms other than NME or diabetes mellitus led to the diagnosis of an islet cell tumor in 7 patients. The combination of NME and diabetes mellitus led to a more rapid diagnosis (7 months) than either symptom alone (4 years). Ten patients had diabetes mellitus before the onset of NME. No patients had NME clearly preceding diabetes mellitus. Increased levels of secondary hormones, such as gastrin (4 patients), vasoactive intestinal peptide (1 patient), serotonin (5 patients), insulin (6 patients, clinically significant in 1 only), human pancreatic polypeptide (2 patients), calcitonin (2 patients) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (2 patients), contributed to clinical symptoms leading to the diagnosis of an islet cell tumor before the onset of the full glucagonoma syndrome in 2 patients. All patients had metastatic disease at presentation. Surgical debulking, chemotherapy, somatostatin, and hepatic artery embolization offered palliation of NME, diabetes, weight loss, and diarrhea. Despite the malignant potential of the glucagonomas, only 9 of 21 patients had tumor-related deaths, occurring an average of 4.91 years after diagnosis. Twelve patients were still alive, with an average age follow-up of 3.67 years.
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PMID:The glucagonoma syndrome. Clinical and pathologic features in 21 patients. 860 27

Vitamins are essential organic compounds that catalyze metabolic reactions. They also function as electron donors, antioxidants or transcription effectors. They can be extracted from food and supplements, or in some cases, synthesized by our body or gut microbiome. Severe vitamin deficiencies result in systemic complications, including the development of scurvy, rickets, pellagra, and beriberi. Some moderate and severe deficiencies also result in oral conditions. A lower intake of vitamin A has been associated with decreased oral epithelial development, impaired tooth formation, enamel hypoplasia and periodontitis. Vitamin D deficiency during tooth development may result in non-syndromic amelogenesis and dentinogenesis imperfecta, enamel and dentin hypoplasia, and dysplasia. Clinical studies have demonstrated an association between vitamin D's endocrine effects and periodontitis. On the other hand, no significant association has been found between cariogenic activity and vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin C deficiency results in changes in the gingivae and bone, as well as xerostomia; while vitamin B deficiencies are associated with recurrent aphthous stomatitis, enamel hypomineralization, cheilosis, cheilitis, halitosis, gingivitis, glossitis, atrophy of the lingual papillae, stomatitis, rashes around the nose, dysphagia, and pallor. The effects of vitamins E and K on oral health are not as clear as those of other vitamins. However, vitamin K has a systemic effect (increasing the risk of haemorrhage), which may affect individuals undergoing oral surgery or suffering an oral injury. Health care professionals need to be aware of the effects of vitamins on oral health to provide the best available care for their patients.
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PMID:Chapter 6: Vitamins and Oral Health. 3194 Jun 21