Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0038362 (stomatitis)
 8,852 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

At the beginning of our century Entamoeba gingivalis was considered to be a pathogenic bacteria, capable to induce parodontal lesions. Later on it was also found in healthy persons, and the germ was less interesting from the medical view-point. In the present study the authors report their findings concerning E. gingivalis in 135 patients with various stomatological affections including: dental caries, parodontopathies, pulpitis, gangrene, ulcero-necrotic stomatitis etc. The study was started following the discovery of the amoeba in the gingival exsudate of a male aged 19 years with chronic superficial marginal parodontopathy, who, after a treatment with metronidazol, was cured. Entamoeba gingivalis belongs to the Rhizopoda class, together with E. dysenteriae, and E. coli, but, in contrast with these strains it does not have resistance forms (cysts). Oral amoeba were evidenced in 18 out of 78 patients with parodontal lesions (23.07%), in the gingival exsudate, the purulent secretion from parodontal pouches, in the dental tartar, the alveolar fluid following extraction etc. In 117 students from the Faculty of Stomatology, and in 57 patients with various other stomatological affections these germs were not found in any of the abovementioned products. Microscopic examination of fresh preparations, and of Giemsa-stained smears was the main method for the detection of the amoeba. The etiopathogenic role of E. gingivalis is re-examined in discussions regarding certain parodontopathies.
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PMID:[Periodontal diseases with Entamoeba gingivalis]. 253 47

Noma (Cancrum oris) is a gangrenous stomatitis arising from a periodontal infection and leading to severe soft tissue and bone destruction. The pathology involves numerous factors including local thrombosis, vascularitis, necrotizing gingivitis, immunodeficiency, gram negative and anaerobic infection. It is usually a disease of infants and malnourished children in tropical areas often occurring after a debilitating disease like measles. Recently, cases have been reported in adults especially elderly patients or during immunodeficiency states. Reconstructive surgery is often necessary to deal with destruction and sequel but is rarely accessible in developing countries. We report one case of noma (cancrum oris) in an HIV seropositive patient at the National Hospital in Bobo-Dioulasso. The noma was inaugural of AIDS in a 40 years old labourer coming back from Ivory Coast and no major opportunistic infection was associated. The course was fulminant leading to extensive facial gangrene with recurrent bacterial infections. The disease was fatal in this depressive, malnourished and diarrhoeic patient despite local surgical treatment, prolonged antibiotherapy and supportive care. Pathogenic mechanisms, management and preventive issues are discussed.
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PMID:[Noma and HIV infection: apropos of a case at the National Hospital Center in Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)]. 1188 87

Noma (necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis, stomatitis gangrenosa, or cancrum oris) is a devastating orofacial gangrene that occurs mainly among children. The disease has a global yearly incidence of 140,000 cases and a mortality rate of approximately 90 percent. Patients who survive noma generally suffer from its sequelae, including serious facial disfigurement, trismus, oral incontinence, and speech problems. The medical history of noma indicates that the disease was already known in classical and medieval civilizations in Europe. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Dutch chirurgeons clearly described noma as a clinical entity and realized that the popular name "water canker" was not sufficient, because this quickly spreading ulceration in the faces of children was different from "cancer." In the eighteenth century, awareness that noma is related to poverty, malnutrition, and preceding diseases such as measles increased in northwestern Europe. In the first half of the nineteenth century, extensive surgical procedures were described for the treatment of the sequelae of noma. At the end of that century, noma gradually disappeared in the Western world because of economic progress, which gave the poorest in society the opportunity to feed their children sufficiently. Only in the twentieth century were effective drugs (sulfonamides and penicillin) against noma developed, as well as adequate surgical treatment for the sequelae of noma. These modes of treatment remain inaccessible for the many present-day victims of noma because of their extreme poverty. The only truly effective approach to the problem of noma throughout the world is prevention, namely, combating the extreme poverty with measures that lead to economic progress. In the meantime, medical doctors in the Western world should not forget their own history and ignore this global health problem; rather, they should face "the face of poverty" with the eyes of mercy and concern suited to their profession.
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PMID:A history of noma, the "Face of Poverty". 1265 18

Noma (cancrum oris, stomatitis gangrenosa) is a quickly spreading orofacial gangrene in children, caused by a combination of malnutrition, debilitation because of concomitant diseases (measles) and intraoral infections. The global incidence of noma in the world is uncertain. By comparing large numbers of noma patients and cleft lip patients in a large referral hospital for these disorders in Sokoto, Nigeria, we calculated the incidence of noma in north-west Nigeria as 6.4 per 1000 children. Extrapolation of this incidence to the developing countries bordering the Sahara Desert (the noma belt of the world) gives an incidence of 25,600 for that region and a global incidence of 30,000-40,000. Noma is a good biological parameter of extreme poverty, and hence a global monitoring system for noma can be justified. Though economic progress is the most effective preventive measure against noma, medical prevention by vaccination programmes against measles should be enhanced as well.
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PMID:An estimation of the incidence of noma in north-west Nigeria. 1275 33

Necrotising ulcerative stomatitis is used in the International Statistical Classification of the WHO for orofacial gangrene in children, that is known in medical literature as cancrum oris or noma. The many historical synonyms for this disease together with other historical data indicate that orofacial gangrene in children was a common affection in Europe in previous centuries. The etymological and historical backgrounds of the names "noma" and "cancrum oris" indicate that "cancrum oris" is based on the incorrect use of the Latin term "cancer oris" and maybe on tradition, for which reasons the use of "noma" as medical term for necrotising ulcerative stomatitis should be preferred.
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PMID:Cancrum oris and noma: some etymological and historical remarks. 1294 68

Noma is an orofacial gangrene affecting malnourished children and mainly observed in tropical countries, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. Epidemiological data on noma are scarce, but a current estimate of the global incidence is 30,000-40,000 cases per year, with a mortality rate of approximately 85% and a burden of disease calculated to be a loss of 1-10 million disability-adjusted life years. The etiology of noma is multifactorial with malnutrition as an ever present factor, often in combination with concomitant diseases, such as measles, malaria, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and poor oral hygiene. The pathogenesis is a fast-spreading, noncontagious gangrenous infection occurring in the face, often preceded by acute necrotizing gingivitis, and stomatitis. Rare microbiological studies suggest an opportunistic infection caused by an imbalance in normal intraoral microorganisms. Prevention lies in food security, measles vaccination, prevention of malaria and HIV, including the early detection and treatment of necrotizing gingivitis and stomatitis. Early treatment with antibiotics may prevent gangrene or reduce its extent. Late treatment consists of surgical rehabilitation, which is often complex. However, access to medical care is very limited for noma patients due to the extremely poor conditions in which they live that are frequently located in remote rural areas. The authors support the United Nations Human Rights Council Resolution 19/7 adopted on March 22, 2012 "The right to food," and advocate for the inclusion of noma on the list of neglected tropical diseases to encourage more medical and institutional attention for this often lethal or very mutilating infectious gangrene.
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PMID:Noma: Overview of a Neglected Disease and Human Rights Violation. 2811 63