Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0038220 (status epilepticus)
 7,272 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A case of psychogenic polydipsia is presented that showed psychic decompensation and compulsive drinking under the acute stress of an imminent operation for ovarian cyst. Without any indication of an underlying organic disease process the patient developed acute water intoxication due to the uncontrolled intake of water from the tap, this caused hyponatremia, brain edema, coma and status epilepticus. The physiology of water intoxication is reviewed in relation to this case, which is also remarkable for the acute onset and the shortness of the polydipsic state.
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PMID:[Water intoxication and brain edema in psychogenic polydipsia (author's transl)]. 45 41

The relation of epilepsy with gestation was studied in 59 patients through 153 pregnancies. In patients with idiopathic epilepsy, 45 per cent had more frequent fits during pregnancy, 50 per cent were unchanged, and 5 per cent were improved. The results in patients with symptomatic epilepsy were similar. Patients with a high frequency of fits in the pregestational state are likely to have an increased number when pregnant. Two cases of status epilepticus were treated successfully without interruption of pregnancy. Fourteen patients had true gestational epilepsy, 4 of whom had underlying organic disorders. Congenital heart disease occurred in 2 per cent and cleft lip or cleft lip and palate in 1 per cent of infants, all of these mothers on antiepileptic therapy. The rate was 4 and 10 times the rate in 69,000 consecutive births in the same area. Prompt control of repeated seizures during pregnancy is imperative, folic acid should be given , accumulation of water prevented, and patients who have their first fit during pregnancy should be investigated.
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PMID:Epilepsy and pregnancy: a study of 153 pregnancies in 59 patients. 80 4

There is controversy as to whether prolonged seizures are more detrimental to the immature than the mature brain. To evaluate this question continuous hippocampal stimulation was used to induce prolonged limbic seizures in 20-, 30- and 60-day-old rats. The long-term effects on learning and activity level were then studied at age 80 days using the Morris water maze, a test of spatial learning and memory, and the open field test, a test of an animal's reaction to a novel environment. Limbic status epilepticus in 60-day-old but not 20- and 30-day-old rats caused long-term impairment of learning in the Morris water maze. No differences were noted between the control and the experimental animals in the open field test. These results suggest that the age of seizure onset is an important determinant of long-term cognitive sequelae.
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PMID:Behavioral effects of continuous hippocampal stimulation in the developing rat. 152 23

Liposomes (LIPO), which are concentric lipid layers alternating with aqueous compartments, have been suggested as a potential carrier for various drugs. In the previous studies, we have demonstrated that anticonvulsant drugs such as valproic acid, phenytoin, and DN-1417 (an analog of thyrotropin-releasing hormone) entrapped into LIPO exert more prominent therapeutic efficacy than parent drugs. In the present study, we examined the comparative effects of Lidocaine (LDCA) which acts as a proconvulsant as well as an anticonvulsant, and LIPO-entrapped LDCA (LDCA-L) on limbic status epilepticus originating in the amygdala (AM) of rats. LDCA (LDCA hydrochloride) was dissolved in distilled water as a vehicle at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml or 10 mg/ml. LIPO and LDCA-L were prepared from L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and stearylamine. Status epilepticus was induced by intra-AM injection of combined dibutyryl (db)-cAMP-200 micrograms/ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-67.2 micrograms through the implanted cannula. The animals were divided into 4 groups which received vehicle (n = 6), LIPO (n = 5), LDCA (n = 9), and LDCA-L (n = 10). LDCA group was subdivided into 5 mg/kg (n = 4) and 20 mg/kg (n = 5) groups. LDCA-L group was treated with 5mg/kg (n = 4) or 20mg/kg (n = 6). All drugs were intravenously given at a volume of 2ml/kg via teflon tube previously inserted into cervical vein 30 min after db-cAMP/EDTA injection. Vehicle or LIPO alone did not alter the pattern of electroclinical ictal responses produced by intra-AM injection of db-cAMP/EDTA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Effect of liposome-entrapped lidocaine on limbic status epilepticus in rats]. 165 83

The pharmacokinetics of midazolam, a water soluble 1,4-benzodiazepine, has been studied in 12 patients (11 male, 1 female; age range 19-57 years) with epilepsy. All patients were taking hepatic enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on a regular basis. Midazolam (5 mg) was administered intravenously and 1 week later midazolam was administered intramuscularly, the dose used being dependent on the sedative response to the intravenous dose (10 mg, n = 2; 7 mg, n = 8; 5 mg, n = 2). Serial blood samples were collected at timed intervals for 5-7 h. After intravenous administration initial distribution was rapid with a mean half-life (t 1/2 alpha) of 0.06 +/- 0.03 h followed by a terminal half-life (t 1/2 beta or gamma) of 1.5 +/- 0.3 h. Volume of distribution was 0.62 +/- 0.27 l/kg. After intramuscular administration midazolam was rapidly absorbed with peak serum concentrations achieved at 25 +/- 23 min. Two patients showed delayed absorption. Mean terminal half-life was 2.8 +/- 1.7 h. The absolute bioavailability of intramuscular midazolam was calculated in 11 patients as 87 +/- 18%. Sedation was rapid (less than 1-2 min) but transient (7-75 min) after intravenous and slower (2-30 min) and for a longer period (20-120 min) after intramuscular administration. Since intravenous administration of AEDs including diazepam is not always feasible in status epilepticus there are obvious advantages in having an effective intramuscular formulation. Our data suggest that midazolam may be such a drug.
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PMID:A comparative pharmacokinetic study of intravenous and intramuscular midazolam in patients with epilepsy. 181 58

Recent studies have demonstrated that intramuscular administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or its analogue improves various clinical aspects of intractable epilepsy such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, West syndrome, and myoclonus epilepsy. Other clinical studies reported efficient property of intravenous TRH against status epilepticus. However, it is also true that intravenous TRH produces epileptic seizures in patients with epilepsy or organic brain damage. Thus, the utility of intravenous TRH for the treatment of status epilepticus seems to be equivocal. To further explore the problem in this regard, we examined the effect of TRH on limbic status epilepticus in rats. Thirty-eight male Wistar rats weighing 180-220g were used. Status epilepticus was induced by intracerebral injection of a combination of 200 micrograms of dibutyryl-cAMP (db-cAMP) and 67.2ng of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) into the amygdala (AM) through an implanted cannula. 30 min later, TRH or vehicle (distilled water) was administered intravenously (i.v.) or intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.). Although 3 mg/kg of TRH (n = 9), when injected i.v., did not alter the pattern of electroclinical ictal responses induced by db-cAMP/EDTA, 25 mg/kg (n = 5) and 50 mg/kg (n = 5) of TRH significantly exaggerated EEG and/or behavioral ictal seizures, beginning immediately after the injection and lasting for more than 30 min. With 50 mg/kg of TRH, the exaggerated seizure patterns were followed by marked suppression of electroclinical seizures. 50 micrograms of i.c.v. TRH (n = 5), like higher doses of i.v. TRH, caused a slight, but not a significant, build up of electroclinical ictal seizures, beginning immediately after the injection and lasting for about 30 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on status epilepticus in rats]. 190 68

A community-based epidemiological study of neurological disorders was performed in a rural area in Ethiopia. The most prevalent neurological disorder identified was epilepsy, found in 316 persons. The prevalence of epilepsy was 5.2/1000 inhabitants at risk, 5.8 for males, 4.6 for females. The highest age-specific prevalence was found for ages 10-19 years. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures were the most common seizure type and occurred in 81%. On clinical grounds, partial seizures occurred in 20% and in 29% of these secondary generalization followed. During seizures, 8.5% had been injured by burns and 5.7% by trauma. Eighty-four percent had seizures at least monthly. Seizures occurred in 4.8% of siblings. Traditional treatment with local herbs, holy water and amulets was the most common. Only 1.6% had been treated with recognized antiepileptic drugs. Mental retardation was the most common associated disorder, found in 7.9% of the persons with epilepsy. During a period of 2 years, 8 persons died of status epilepticus and 1 from severe burns as a result of falling into a domestic fire during a seizure. EEG was recorded in 73%. Epileptiform activity occurred in 18%.
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PMID:Clinical and electroencephalographic characteristics of epilepsy in rural Ethiopia: a community-based study. 228 82

A model system is described in which sustained clonic seizures are produced by a combination of phenytoin (PHT) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) in the mouse, the former agent preventing the terminal tonic spasms produced by the latter. In this system, midazolam (MDL), a water-soluble benzodiazepine, was compared with diazepam (DZP), a sparingly soluble agent which is widely used to treat status epilepticus (SE) in humans. Both agents were administered intramuscularly (i.m.) in approximately equieffective doses in animals exhibiting clonic seizure activity. MDL proved to be about twice as potent as DZP. Whereas control animals convulsed for a period of approximately 90 min, those treated with DZP 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg convulsed for 7.8 and 3.9 min, respectively; mice receiving MDL 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg convulsed for 1.9 and 1.4 min, respectively. MDL arrested seizures substantially more rapidly than diazepam (p less than 0.05). These data suggest that MDL has sufficiently rapid anticonvulsant action to merit evaluation for control of SE in humans when a rapidly absorbed antiepileptic drug (AED) is needed and intravenous (i.v.) administration is not feasible.
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PMID:Comparison of midazolam and diazepam by the intramuscular route for the control of seizures in a mouse model of status epilepticus. 234 48

Flunitrazepam (FZP) was administered intravenously, with success, to two patients with status epilepticus. Case 1 was a patient with a tonic-clonic status epilepticus. Intravenous phenytoin had no effect. Case 2 had minor status epilepticus. With the intravenous administration of FZP, diluted 1:10 with distilled water at a dose of 0.03 mg/kg at a slow rate, both patients were relieved of the status epilepticus. Unlike diazepam, FZP neither looks cloudy when diluted with distilled water nor causes angialgia. No disturbances in circulation or respiration occurred. Considering that FZP has a strong anticonvulsant action on status epilepticus, it can be expected to be a useful therapeutic agent for status epilepticus in infants and children.
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PMID:Intravenous flunitrazepam for status epilepticus. 251 34

Because brain inositides are enriched in the 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl species, they form a likely source for the tetraenoic free fatty acids (FFA) and diacylglycerols (DG) that are accumulated during seizures. To study inositide turnover during bicuculline-induced seizures, rats were injected intraventricularly and bilaterally with 10-20 microCi 32P, mechanically ventilated and sacrificed by 6.5 KW head-focused microwave irradiation. Seizure activity was recorded by electroencephalography. Bicuculline-induced seizure activity resulted in: a) almost 50% increase in 32P labeling of phosphatidic acid (PA); phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) also increased (24% and 36%, respectively); b) no change in other lipids; and c) water-soluble phosphodiesteratic degradation products, analyzed by high voltage paper electrophoresis, increased 24% in the amount of radiotracer recovered as inositol 1,4-bisphosphate (IP2) and by 44% in the amount recovered as inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). These data indicate that during experimental status epilepticus the cerebral inositide cycle is accelerated: PIP2----(IP3----IP2----IP----I) + DG----PA----PI----PIP----PIP2.
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PMID:Enhanced inositide turnover in brain during bicuculline-induced status epilepticus. 301 Oct


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