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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Young, previously uninfected white mice became infected with Hymenolepis nana when exposed in small cages to parasite eggs which had been sprinkled in suspension onto the floor of their cage, or to faeces from mice with patent infections. The mean daily probabilities of infection for individual eggs under these two conditions were 2-9 X 10(-6) and 5-4 X 10(-6) respectively. If the mice were starved for 24 h prior to exposure to faeces, then the mean daily probability of infection increased to 2-6 X 10(-4). These differences in transmission are interpreted as being due to differences in the extent of coprophagy; they are not due to any effect of starvation on the hatchability of eggs.
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PMID:Observations on coprophagy and the transmission of Hymenolepis nana infections in mice. 98 69

1. The "general activity" of Apodemus Sylvaticus L. has been recorded and analysed using two techniques: a) in an actograph, several components of the "general activity" have been recorded and quantified over 24 hours, including wheel running, locomotion in various areas of the enclosure, nest occupancy, drinking, eating and hoarding; b) in a breeding cage, ten times smaller than the actograph and where the possibilities of locomotion are considerably reduced, the wheel running only has been recorded. In these two situations, we have compared the effects of a food deprivation for 24 hours. 2. In the actograph, starvation increases the general locomotion in the enclosure without detectable changes in wheel running. On the other hand, in the breeding cage, wheel running is somewhat increased. 3. Refeeding results in decreased wheel running under both experimental conditions, and restores general locomotion in the actograph to the predeprivation level. 4. These results are discussed in view of the current literature. The apparent disagreement between our results and those of other workers is attributed to the fact that the latter used experimental conditions where the measured response was predetermined by the lack of choice in expressed responses which were offered to the animal. Consequently, we suggest that the interpretation of such experiments can be improved by allowing a choice of possible behavioural response and that each of them should be recorded separately.
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PMID:[A comparison of the behavioral response of the field mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus L.) to a 24 hour fast as measured by actograph or in a cage]. 120 92

1. Tallow (A) and rape oil (E) were obtained for evaluation. They were blended in the ratios A95:E5, A90:E10 and A80:E20. The three blends together with the two pure fats were each included at 40, 80 and 120 g/kg into a basal diet. 2. The experimental diets were evaluated for apparent metabolisable energy corrected to zero nitrogen retention (AMEN MJ/kg) and apparent fat availability (g/kg) using 6 replicates of a cage of two male broiler chicks 14 d old and 8 replicates of a cage of one Rhode Island cross cockerel approximately 1 year old. Diets were fed for 72 h then removed for 24 h. This was followed by a 48 h period when food was available ad libitum and a further 24 h of starvation. A total collection of excreta was undertaken each 24 h for the latter 72 h period. 3. Evaluation of AMEN and apparent fat availability for the individual fat blends was achieved through both linear and quadratic regression. 4. Synergism, as demonstrated by a higher determined than calculated AMEN value, was detected with fat blends fed to chicks but not cockerels and only at rates of inclusion beyond 80 g/kg. 5. No consistent differences between AMEN determined through calorimetry or AME determined with reference to apparent fat availability multiplied by fat gross energy were detected.
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PMID:Interactions between fats of differing chemical content: apparent metabolisable energy values and apparent fat availability. 344 36

1. Tallow (A) and rape oil (E) were obtained for evaluation. They were blended in the ratios A95:E5, A90:E10 and A80:E20. The three blends together with the two pure fats were each included at 40, 80 and 120 g/kg into a basal diet. 2. The experimental diets were evaluated for apparent availability (g/kg) of the fatty acids palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2) using 6 replicates of a cage of two male broiler chicks 14 d old and 8 replicates of a cage of one Rhode Island cross cockerel approximately 1 year old. Diets were fed for 72 h then removed for 24 h. This was followed by a 48 h period when food was available ad libitum and a further 24 h starvation. A total collection of excreta was undertaken for the latter 72 h period. 3. Evaluation of apparent available fatty acid (AAFA g/kg fatty acid) was achieved by linear regression. 4. All results indicated a progressive increase in AAFA with both chicks and adults for C16:0 and C18:0 with increasing proportions of the more unsaturated rape oil in the fat blends and for C18:1 and C18:2 with chicks. 5. Evaluation of AAFA by quadratic regression indicated an additional effect of rate of inclusion for C16:0 and C18:0 with chicks and adults and for C18:1 with chicks.
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PMID:Interactions between fats of differing chemical content: apparent availability of fatty acids. 344 37

Total cholesterol and high density lipids (HDL) were measured in the blood of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) from a variety of dietary and environmental regimes. At spawning the total cholesterol of cage reared S. salar was high compared to sea ranched S. salar. Starvation of S. salar in freshwater for 6-11 months depressed total blood cholesterol levels, but not to unusually low levels. A cholesterol supplement of 0.02 g/100 g body weight to a chow diet of 0.38 g/100 g body weight had no significant effect on the total blood cholesterol level in Salvelinus fontinalis. The high proportion of HDL in the blood of S. salar is discussed in terms of its possible importance during the atherosclerotic lesion formation that normally accompanies spawning in these salmon.
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PMID:Cholesterol levels in the blood of Atlantic salmonids. 613 40

The confounding effects of undernourishment and body cooling, resulting from maternal separation, were investigated by separating food and warmth deprivation. Rat pups aged 3-16 d were deprived of food for alternate 24-h periods by removal from the lactating mother. Some of the pups were placed with a foster mother, who kept them warm, whereas others were put in an empty cage at 22 degrees which resulted in a sharp drop in body temperature. Pups which were kept warm showed great fluctuations in weight between periods of starvation and feeding. The cooled pups lost less weight during deprivation but also recovered less on refeeding. The resultant growth rate was much lower in non-fostered (i.e. cooled) than in fostered pups. Up to the age of 8 d, cooled pups failed to raise their body temperature above that of the surroundings and did not digest the milk in their stomachs. Although, thereafter, they were able to raise their temperature to 26 degrees and to digest stomach contents, the extra energy expended resulted in more severe growth restriction. One-third of the pups died at 16 d but the rest were quickly rehabilitated by ad lib. feeding and showed a normal growth rate, although they remained smaller than the controls. The development of nipples, hair, eye opening and vaginal opening was related more to chronological age than to weight. A side effect of cooling was an almost complete abolition of active (REM) sleep, which is normally very high in infants; a slight rebound increase in active sleep was seen at 21 d. Direct as well as side effects of cooling may thus be responsible for some of the observed consequences of maternal separation.
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PMID:Effects of cooling in infant rats on growth, maturation, sleep patterns and responses to food deprivation. 674 34

Experimental studies on male-female mortality differences in nonhuman species are important because they provide insights into both the nature of age-specific gender differences and the concept of selective survival--whether one subgroup in a population (e.g., males) is consistently more frail than another subgroup (e.g., females). We found that it was not possible to classify either sex as more robust or longer lived since relative longevity was conditional on age (young or old), cage conditions (solitary confinement or grouped cages), and treatment (starvation, irradiation, or density). Implications of these findings are discussed including selective survival, demographic selection, a framework for male-female mortality differentials, and an evolutionary perspective on gender differences in longevity.
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PMID:Sex mortality differentials and selective survival in large medfly cohorts: implications for human sex mortality differentials. 854 15

The SIL gene was discovered at the site of a cancer-associated interstitial deletion in which its promoter assumed the regulation of a second gene, SCL. The human SIL gene encodes a 1287-amino acid cytosolic protein that has been found to be highly conserved in the mouse. SIL is expressed in proliferating cells and is down-regulated when cellular proliferation ceases because of serum starvation, contact inhibition, or induction of terminal differentiation. SIL is induced within 1 h of stimulation by 20% serum in growth-arrested 3T3 cells. This induction is independent of protein synthesis because "superinduction" is observed in the presence of the protein synthesis inhibitor cyclohexamide. Thus, SIL is an immediate-early gene. Upon release from serum starvation of 3T3 fibroblasts, SIL mRNA and protein levels display a biphasic pattern during the first cell cycle. In contrast, in exponentially growing EL4 lymphoblasts, SIL mRNA is stable throughout the cell cycle, whereas SIL protein accumulates into G2 phase and then falls precipitously at the completion of the cell cycle. This pattern of cell cycle expression suggests that SIL may play an important role in cellular growth and proliferation.
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PMID:Expression of the SIL gene is correlated with growth induction and cellular proliferation. 937 40

We have constructed an automated, eight-cage indirect calorimeter (AIC) for the measurement of energy expenditure in rats. We compared the measurements of resting energy expenditure (REE) in rats during a 30-h fast obtained with the AIC with those obtained with a manual indirect calorimetry (MIC) system. There was both a high degree of correlation between the two techniques during the initial 18 h of the fast (r = 0.90, P < 0.05) and strong intertechnique agreement. REE (AIC) decreased during the final 12 h of the 30-h fast (79.6 +/- 2.7-72.0 +/- 4.4 kcal.kg-0.75.d-1 [mean +/- SD, P < 0.01]). REE (MIC) did not show a significant decrease during this part of the fast (79.7 +/- 2.6 - 75.2 +/- 4.7 kcal.kg-0.75.d-1 [P = NS]). During the final 12 h of the fast agreement between the two systems gradually dissipated and correlation was poor (r = 0.375, P < 0.05). The frequency of animal handling necessitated by MIC may have resulted in a stress-induced increase in metabolic work that would mask the animals' adaptive response to starvation. This investigation demonstrates the advantages of the AIC and calls into question the accuracy of manual methods under long-term starvation conditions.
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PMID:Automated, eight-cage indirect calorimetry in rats. 976 May 86

Loss of appetite and weight predict a poor prognosis for cancer patients. Although caloric supplementation might benefit subgroups of patients--specifically, perioperative, severely malnourished cancer patients, stem cell and bone marrow transplant patients and head and neck cancer patients--its use remains controversial and is not recommended for the majority of patients with cancer-associated weight loss. Most patients with advanced cancer, anorexia, and/or weight loss do not appear to benefit from nutritional supplementation. Instead, discussions with patients and families about realistic eating goals ans, at time armacologic interventions with progestational agents or corticosteroids--both of which are aimed at palliating anorexia--provide clinical benefit. Other phamalogic interventions such as eicosapentaenoic acid, thalidomide (Thalomid), adenosine triphosphate and nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory agents focus on the fact that cancer-assciated weight loss is an enitty dintinct for simple starvation These interventions promise to replenish lean tissue but require further investigation before they can be recommndedas standard clinical practice.
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PMID:Current management of cancer-associated anorexia and weight loss. 1134 35


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