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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (
starvation
)
24,951
document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae alters its gene expression profile in response to a change in nutrient availability. The PHO system is a well-studied case in the transcriptional regulation responding to nutritional changes in which a set of genes (PHO genes) is expressed to activate inorganic phosphate (Pi) metabolism for adaptation to Pi
starvation
. Pi
starvation
triggers an inhibition of Pho85 kinase, leading to migration of unphosphorylated Pho4 transcriptional activator into the nucleus and enabling expression of PHO genes. When Pi is sufficient, the Pho85 kinase phosphorylates Pho4, thereby excluding it from the nucleus and resulting in repression (i.e., lack of transcription) of PHO genes. The Pho85 kinase has a role in various cellular functions other than regulation of the PHO system in that Pho85 monitors whether environmental conditions are adequate for cell growth and represses inadequate (untimely) responses in these cellular processes. In contrast, Pho4 appears to activate some genes involved in stress response and is required for G1 arrest caused by DNA damage. These facts suggest the antagonistic function of these two players on a more general scale when yeast cells must cope with stress conditions. To explore general involvement of Pho4 in stress response, we tried to identify Pho4-dependent genes by a genome-wide mapping of Pho4 and Rpo21 binding (Rpo21 being the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II) using a yeast tiling array. In the course of this study, we found Pi- and Pho4-regulated intragenic and antisense RNAs that could modulate the Pi signal transduction pathway. Low-Pi signal is transmitted via certain inositol polyphosphate (IP) species (IP7) that are synthesized by Vip1
IP6 kinase
. We have shown that Pho4 activates the transcription of antisense and intragenic RNAs in the KCS1 locus to down-regulate the Kcs1 activity, another
IP6 kinase
, by producing truncated Kcs1 protein via hybrid formation with the KCS1 mRNA and translation of the intragenic RNA, thereby enabling Vip1 to utilize more IP6 to synthesize IP7 functioning in low-Pi signaling. Because Kcs1 also can phosphorylate these IP7 species to synthesize IP8, reduction in Kcs1 activity can ensure accumulation of the IP7 species, leading to further stimulation of low-Pi signaling (i.e., forming a positive feedback loop). We also report that genes apparently not involved in the PHO system are regulated by Pho4 either dependent upon or independent of the Pi conditions, and many of the latter genes are involved in stress response. In S. cerevisiae, a large-scale cDNA analysis and mapping of RNA polymerase II binding using a high-resolution tiling array have identified a large number of antisense RNA species whose functions are yet to be clarified. Here we have shown that nutrient-regulated antisense and intragenic RNAs as well as direct regulation of structural gene transcription function in the response to nutrient availability. Our findings also imply that Pho4 is present in the nucleus even under high-Pi conditions to activate or repress transcription, which challenges our current understanding of Pho4 regulation.
...
PMID:Nutrient-regulated antisense and intragenic RNAs modulate a signal transduction pathway in yeast. 1910 9
Proteins responsible for P
i
homeostasis are critical for all life. In
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, extracellular [P
i
] is "sensed" by the inositol-hexakisphosphate kinase (
IP6K
) that synthesizes the intracellular inositol pyrophosphate 5-diphosphoinositol 1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate (5-InsP
7
) as follows: during a period of P
i
starvation
, there is a decline in cellular [ATP]; the unusually low affinity of IP6Ks for ATP compels 5-InsP
7
levels to fall in parallel (Azevedo, C., and Saiardi, A. (2017)
Trends. Biochem. Sci.
42, 219-231. Hitherto, such P
i
sensing has not been documented in metazoans. Here, using a human intestinal epithelial cell line (HCT116), we show that levels of both 5-InsP
7
and ATP decrease upon [P
i
]
starvation
and subsequently recover during P
i
replenishment. However, a separate inositol pyrophosphate, 1,5-bisdiphosphoinositol 2,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate (InsP
8
), reacts more dramatically (
i.e.
with a wider dynamic range and greater sensitivity). To understand this novel InsP
8
response, we characterized kinetic properties of the bifunctional 5-InsP
7
kinase/InsP
8
phosphatase activities of full-length diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases (PPIP5Ks). These data fulfil previously published criteria for any bifunctional kinase/phosphatase to exhibit concentration robustness, permitting levels of the kinase product (InsP
8
in this case) to fluctuate independently of varying precursor (
i.e.
5-InsP
7
) pool size. Moreover, we report that InsP
8
phosphatase activities of PPIP5Ks are strongly inhibited by P
i
(40-90% within the 0-1 mm range). For PPIP5K2, P
i
sensing by InsP
8
is amplified by a 2-fold activation of 5-InsP
7
kinase activity by P
i
within the 0-5 mm range. Overall, our data reveal mechanisms that can contribute to specificity in inositol pyrophosphate signaling, regulating InsP
8
turnover independently of 5-InsP
7
, in response to fluctuations in extracellular supply of a key nutrient.
...
PMID:The Significance of the Bifunctional Kinase/Phosphatase Activities of Diphosphoinositol Pentakisphosphate Kinases (PPIP5Ks) for Coupling Inositol Pyrophosphate Cell Signaling to Cellular Phosphate Homeostasis. 2812 3
