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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activity of branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase kinase was 3-fold greater in extracts of heart mitochondria than in extracts of liver mitochondria from rats fed on normal diet. Feeding rats on a 0%-casein diet for 10 days increased the activity of branched-chain kinase 4-fold in extracts of liver mitochondria and in branched-chain dehydrogenase complex purified from such extracts; starvation (48 h) was without effect. In extract of heart mitochondria, kinase activity was increased 2-fold by feeding on 0%-casein diet and 1.5-fold by 48 h of starvation.
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PMID:Effects of low-protein diet and starvation on the activity of branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase kinase in rat liver and heart. 380 Aug 83

Starvation, diabetes and insulin did not alter the concentration of casein kinases in rat liver cytosol. However, the Km for casein of casein kinase 2 from diabetic rats was about 2-fold lower than that from control animals. Administration of insulin to control rats did not alter this parameter, but increased the Km for casein of casein kinase 2 in diabetic rats. Starvation did not affect the kinetic constants of casein kinases. The effect of diabetes on casein kinase 2 persisted after partial purification of the enzyme by glycerol-density-gradient centrifugation and affected also its activity on other protein substrates such as phosvitin, high-mobility-group protein 14 and glycogen synthase. The results indicate that rat liver cytosol casein kinase 2 is under physiological control.
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PMID:Effect of starvation, diabetes and insulin on the casein kinase 2 from rat liver cytosol. 388 88

A mineral salts medium containing 1% (w/v) glucose providing carbon-limited growth conditions was subjected to anaerobic acidogenesis by mixed populations of bacteria in chemostat cultures. The formation of butyrate was shown to be dependent on the presence of saccharolytic anaerobic sporeformers in the acid-forming population. By the use of pasteurized activated sludge as an inoculum a culture was obtained consisting solely of anaerobic sporeformers that gave rise to the formation of butyrate, acetate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide as the main fermentation products. No formation of propionate could be detected. In this culture, the role of sporulation was investigated by applying periods of starvation and a single-step lowering of dilution rate (shift-down). In an experiment using a mineral salts medium supplemented with 1% (w/v) glucose and 0.5% (w/v) casein hydrolysate formation of refractile forespores as well as cell lysis could be demonstrated after 6 h starvation. In mixed cultures, initially inoculated with non-pasteurized activated sludge, a regular interruption of feed supply for 1 h per day resulted in selection of non-sporulating anaerobes. The fermentation pattern changed to a production of propionate and acetate, with a concomitant reduction of gas production. Similar results were obtained with shift-down in dilution rate. A relative increase of propionate-forming bacteria was accomplished in a continuous culture experiment with regular two times 2-h periods of starvation per day. The propionate-forming microbial population consisted predominantly of curved rods, tentatively identified as Selenomonas sp.
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PMID:Role of anaerobic spore-forming bacteria in the acidogenesis of glucose: changes induced by discontinuous or low-rate feed supply. 392 85

The effect of the gut microflora on protein turnover in pectoral muscle (M. pectoralis profundus) was studied by means of dietary infusion of L-[U-14C]phenylalanine and of massive dose injection of L-[4-3H]phenylalanine in chicks fed on a semi-purified casein-gelatin (SCG) diet until 19 d of age, and in those subsequently given either a nitrogen-free (NF) diet or NF supplemented with methionine and arginine (MA) for a further 9 d. Time-course changes in radioactivity released in expired carbon dioxide during the 8 h infusion period showed that isotopic equilibrium was reached in 4 h with the SCG diet and in 5 h with the MA diet. However, with the protein-deprived chicks given the NF diet, isotopic equilibrium was not achieved since radioactivity in CO2 increased linearly throughout. On feeding the NF diet, fractional protein synthesis rate and the absolute amount of protein synthesized in chick breast muscle were reduced. These reductions were partially alleviated by supplementing the NF diet with methionine and arginine. The fractional degradation rate of breast muscle was increased in chicks given the NF diet, while the absolute amount of protein degraded was decreased. The addition of methionine and arginine counteracted these changes brought about by protein starvation. Generally speaking, the presence of the gut microflora had little, if any, effect on protein turnover rate in chick-breast muscle.
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PMID:Protein turnover of breast muscle in germ-free and conventional chicks. 406 97

Sugar uptake systems in Neurospora crassa are catabolically repressed by glucose. Synthesis of a low K(m) glucose uptake system (system II) in Neurospora is derepressed during starvation for an externally supplied source of carbon and energy. Fasting also results in the derepression of uptake systems for fructose, galactose, and lactose. In contrast to the repression observed when cells were grown on glucose, sucrose, or fructose, system II was not repressed by growth on tryptone and casein hydrolysate. System II was inactivated in the presence of 0.1 m glucose and glucose plus cycloheximide but not by cycloheximide alone. Inactivation followed first-order kinetics with a half-time of 40 min. The addition of glycerol to the uptake medium had no significant effect on the kinetics of 3-0-methyl glucose uptake, suggesting that the system was not feedback inhibitable by catabolites of glycerol metabolism.
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PMID:Regulation of sugar transport in Neurospora crassa. 557 33

Lactose synthesis and fatty acid synthesis in intact lactating-rat mammary gland were measured simultaneously by incorporation of [U-14C]glucose and of both [U-14C]glucose and 3H2O respectively. Both processes were almost abolished by overnight starvation. Self-re-feeding caused recovery of lipogenesis to 100% of normal by 2 h and to 170% by 5 h. Lactose synthesis recovered to 80% of normal by 5 h. Food intubated to starved rats caused partial recovery in 3 h, standard diet favouring lactose synthesis and sugars favouring lipogenesis. Casein and starch were ineffective. Olive oil intubated to fed rats suppressed lipogenesis greatly and lactose synthesis slightly. Paraffin oil or water partly mimicked these effects. Adrenaline (subcutaneous) decreased lipogenesis from glucose, whereas insulin (subcutaneous) caused hypoglycaemia associated with loss of lactose synthesis but unchanged fatty acid synthesis. Streptozotocin and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) impaired lipogenesis but not lactose synthesis. The results are interpreted in terms of competition for intracellular glucose by biosynthetic pathways for lactose and fat, and the possible implications for variations in milk composition are discussed.
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PMID:Lactose and fatty acid synthesis in lactating-rat mammary gland. Effects of starvation, re-feeding, and administration of insulin, adrenaline, streptozotocin and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine. 623 23

This study examined the effects of acute dietary restriction on aerobic and anaerobic metabolic capacity of skeletal and cardiac muscles. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a 28% casein diet to a body weight of 100 g. The control group was killed at 100 g and the experimental groups were starved to 70 g body weight by either 4-day total restriction (TR) or 9-day partial restriction (PR). The heart, soleus, extensor digitorum longus (EDL), biceps brachii, psoas and red and white portions of the gastrocnemius (GR and GW) were assayed for oxygen uptake and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and pyruvate kinase (PK) activity. Cytochrome c was also measured in the gastrocnemius and psoas. The decrease in muscle weight was similar to the 30% decrease in body weight with the exception of the soleus which decreased by only 10% due to either TR or PR. PK, an estimate of anaerobic capacity, appeared to increase per unit weight in all tissues after both TR and PR; however, total muscle PK remained unchanged. Total cytochrome c and SDH activity, estimate of aerobic capacity, decreased in all muscles after either treatment. The largest decreases in SDH were 38% in the soleus and 51% in the heart after TR and 50% in the GR and 48% in the GW after PR. Oxygen uptake increased in the soleus (20%) and heart (70%) but decreased in all other skeletal muscles with the greatest effect after PR (50%). This study has shown that there is a decrease in aerobic capacity during acute starvation and that total muscle anaerobic metabolic capacity remains near normal.
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PMID:Changes in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in rat cardiac and skeletal muscles after total or partial dietary restrictions. 626 53

Whole-body leucine kinetics and rectus muscle synthetic rates were evaluated in postabsorptive rats fed semipurified diets that varied in the casein content. Rats were allowed to consume ad libitum a 2% casein diet or were pair-fed or ad libitum-fed 6, 20, or 40% casein diets for 14 days. After overnight starvation, rates of whole-body leucine kinetics and rectus muscle synthetic rates were determined with a 2-h constant intravenous infusion of L-[1-14C]leucine. The postabsorptive response to inadequate protein intakes included a significant reduction in the release of leucine from whole-body protein degradation as well as subsequent reutilization for protein synthesis. In contrast, dietary protein intake at levels greater than required for maximal growth were not associated with any increases in leucine incorporation into whole-body protein or muscle fractional synthetic rates. Rates of whole-body leucine oxidation based on plasma leucine specific radioactivities underestimated total oxidation by 22-27%, and this was relatively constant as the protein component of the diet was varied. In addition, the muscle acid-soluble leucine specific radioactivity was similar to the plasma alpha-ketoisocaproate enrichment, regardless of dietary protein intake.
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PMID:Whole-body leucine and muscle protein kinetics in rats fed varying protein intakes. 642 16

The total activities (sum of active and inactive forms) of branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex in tissues of normal rats fed on a standard diet were (unit/g wet wt.): liver, 0.82; kidney, 0.77; heart, 0.57; hindlimb skeletal muscles, 0.034. Total activity was decreased in liver by 9%- or 0%-casein diets and by 48 h starvation, but not by alloxan-diabetes. Total activities were unchanged in kidney and heart. The amount of active form of the complex (in unit/g wet wt. and as % of total) in tissues of normal rats fed on standard diet was: liver, 0.45, 55%; kidney, 0.55, 71%; heart, 0.03, 5%; skeletal muscle less than 0.007, less than 20% (below lower limit of assay). The concentration of the active form of the complex was decreased in liver and kidney, but not in heart, by low-protein diets, 48 h starvation and alloxan-diabetes. In heart muscle alloxan-diabetes increased the concentration of active complex. The concentration of activator protein (which activates phosphorylated complex without dephosphorylation) in liver and kidney was decreased by 70-90% by low-protein diets and 48 h starvation. Alloxan-diabetes decreased activator protein in liver, but not in kidney. Evidence is given that in tissues of rats fed on a normal diet approx. 70% of whole-body active branched chain complex is in the liver and that the major change in activity occasioned by low-protein diets is also in the liver.
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PMID:Effects of diet and of alloxan-diabetes on the activity of branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex and of activator protein in rat tissues. 648 71

The effect of nitrogen parenteral nutrition on the blood and liver amino acid spectrum was studied in white rats with experimental thyrotoxicosis. The content of free amino acids in the blood plasma and liver was shown to be considerably increased in thyrotoxicosis in the presence of protein starvation. Injection of an amino acid mixture containing polyamin and improved casein hydrolysate for 7 days favoured the normalization of the content of most free amino acids in the blood and liver but did not completely eliminate their imbalance.
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PMID:[Effect of nitrogens parenteral nutrition on the amino acid spectrum of the blood and liver in thyroxine poisoning]. 678 7


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