Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Glutathione (GSH) contributes to the detoxification of anticancer drugs through the operation of specific glutathione S-transferases (GST) and innate, or acquired, overexpression of this enzyme family has been frequently observed in tumor cell lines. In the GMA32 line of Chinese hamster fibroblasts, we showed that GSH starvation produced by exposing cells to buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) increased the toxicity of chlorambucil and melphalan, but not that of N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea (BCNU), cisplatine and doxorubicin. This indicates that efficient mechanisms of detoxification using GSH operate for chlorambucil and melphalan, but not for the other drugs in these cells. We then showed that GSH depletion could be selectively and transiently induced in the mu GST overexpressing cell line derived from GMA32, HC474, by exposing cells to substrates specific to the overexpressed isozyme. Exposing cells to such a substrate, trans-stilbene oxide, does not alter the sensibility of GMA32 cells to melphalan and chlorambucil, but increases that of HC474 cells to these drugs, to an extent comparable to that obtained with BSO. This observation highlights the possibility of exploiting GST overexpression, a frequent feature of tumor cells, to selectively sensitize these undesirable cells to anticancer drugs.
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PMID:A glutathione depletion selectively imposed on mu glutathione S-transferase overproducing cells increases nitrogen mustard toxicity. 785 20

The changes in the concentrations of reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in the plasma as well as in the liver were investigated in rats with endotoxin hepatitis. Hepatitis was induced by intraperitoneal co-administration of small doses of Escherichia coli endotoxin and D-galactosamine. In the liver, the concentration of GSH decreased and that of GSSG increased 12 hr later. In the plasma taken from the right atrium, the concentration of both GSH and GSSG increased. The GSH/GSSG ratio in the plasma decreased, as it did in the liver. The net sinusoidal efflux of GSH and GSSG from the liver was calculated by subtracting their concentrations in plasma of the infrahepatic, suprarenal inferior vena cava from those of the suprahepatic inferior vena cava. The efflux started to increase as early as 2-4 hr after the injection of the toxins. In contrast, a leakage of alanine aminotransferase, an elongation of prothrombin time, an inhibition of starvation ketosis, and an increase in serum concentration of total bilirubin were detected as late as 6-8 hr after the injection. We conclude that endotoxin/D-galactosamine hepatitis induced an increase in plasma concentrations of GSH as well as GSSG by increasing the efflux of these peptides from the liver, and that changes in plasma glutathione status might be useful and sensitive markers for liver damage.
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PMID:Increased sinusoidal efflux of reduced and oxidized glutathione in rats with endotoxin/D-galactosamine hepatitis. 802 75

We have investigated the effect of extracellular ATP on tumour-cell proliferation and GSH levels in Ehrlich-ascites-tumour-bearing mice. After daily administration of exogenous ATP (1 mmol/kg) during 7 days, we found a 56% inhibition of tumour growth, precisely when controls show the highest rates of cell proliferation and the highest levels of GSH. This effect is accompanied by a decrease in GSH content in the tumour, but not in normal tissues. The decrease in GSH concentration within the cancer cells is associated with a decrease in gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity and in protein synthesis. Growth inhibition is mediated by generation of extracellular adenosine, which subsequently increases intracellular levels of ATP and decreases intracellular levels of UTP in the cancer cells. Our results suggest that inhibition of tumour growth by ATP is due to an adenosine-dependent pyrimidine starvation effect.
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PMID:Inhibition of cancer growth and selective glutathione depletion in Ehrlich tumour cells in vivo by extracellular ATP. 812 37

The level of malondialdehyde (MDA), an index of lipid peroxidation, and the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH), as well as the activity of Na+, K(+)-ATPase, were assessed in whole rat brain after immobilization, anemic hypoxia (NaNO2) and 72 h starvation. The effect of these stressors on plasma glucose and corticosterone levels was also observed. Hypoxia and starvation stimulated the lipid peroxide formation in brain as indicated by an increase in the level of MDA, being higher after starvation than hypoxia. Brain SOD activity was also increased in response to hypoxia and starvation while GSH content was only diminished in hypoxia. However, neither MDA nor antioxidants were affected by immobilization. On the other hand, the activity of brain Na+, K(+)-ATPase was significantly increased by immobilization and hypoxia but decreased in starvation. A similar pattern of change was also observed in plasma glucose and corticosterone levels in response to these stressors. These results elucidate differences in the biochemical response of animals towards various types of stress, with increased lipid peroxide formation in hypoxia and starvation.
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PMID:Effect of various stressors on the level of lipid peroxide, antioxidants and Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity in rat brain. 862 Sep 36

When the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae sigma 1278b was starved for nitrogen, the total glutathione (GSH) pool increased from 7 to 17 nmol (mg dry wt)-1 during the first 2 h and then declined. More than 90% of the total GSH shifted towards the central vacuole during this time. This transient stimulation was not observed in the presence of buthionine-(S,R)-sulphoximine (BSO), a specific transition-state-analogue inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthase (gamma-GCS), nor in a mutant strain deficient in this enzyme- gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT), a vacuolar enzyme responsible for the initial step of GSH degradation, was derepressed during nitrogen starvation. This mechanism can apparently enable the starved yeast cell to use the constituent amino acids from GSH which accumulate in the vacuole to satisfy its growth requirements for nitrogen.
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PMID:An important role for glutathione and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in the supply of growth requirements during nitrogen starvation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 920 64

We studied the effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on parameters related to microsomal metabolism (free radical production and lipid peroxidation, glutathione content and activity of microsomal oxidases) after an induction by ethanol or acetone combined with starvation. Long-term ethanol administration led to a significant increase in lipid peroxide formation and NADPH-dependent chemiluminescence amplified by luminol and lucigenin. At the same time hydrogen peroxide production and NADPH-stimulated lipid peroxidation were enhanced although the effect did not reach the level of statistical significance. The concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the liver was decreased 2-fold, whereas oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content remained unaltered. Ethanol intoxication resulted in an increase in 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase (ECOD), 7-benzyloxycoumarin-O-deethylase (BCOD) and 7-ethoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities, whereas 7-pentoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (PROD) and ethylmorphin-N-demethylase (EMND) activities were unaltered. The combination of acetone treatment with starvation resulted in a significant increase in lipid and hydrogen peroxide formation, NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation and chemiluminescence. GSH and GSSG concentration in the liver dramatically decreased 5- and 3-fold, respectively. The acetone treatment led to significant increase in EROD, ECOD, BCOD, PROD and EMND activities. The treatment of ethanol-intoxicated rats with prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) exerted more pronounced prooxidant effect on liver than action of alcohol itself. At the same time, PGF2 alpha improved most of parameters changed by acetone treatment combined with starvation, decreasing lipid peroxide and radical formation and enhancing GSH and GSSG contents.
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PMID:Effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on free radical generation, glutathione content and microsomal oxidase activities in rat liver microsomes induced either by ethanol or acetone. 956 47

Considerable evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays an important role in tissue damage associated with hypoglycemia and other metabolic disorders. The altered brain neurotransmitters metabolism, cerebral electrolyte contents, and impaired blood-brain barrier function may contribute to CNS dysfunction in hypoglycemia. The present study elucidates the effect of starvation and insulin-induced hypoglycemia on the free radical scavanger system--reduced glutathione (GSH) content, glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP), gamma-glutamyl cystein synthetase (gamma-GCS), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes I-IV from three different regions of rat brain, namely cerebral hemispheres (CH), cerebellum (CB), and brainstem (BS). Peripheral organs, such as liver and kidney, were also studied. Significant changes in these enzymic activities were observed. The analysis of such alterations is important in ultimately determining the basis of neuronal dysfunction during metabolic stress conditions, such as hypoglycemia, and also defining the nature of these changes may help to develop therapeutic means to cure metabolically stressed tissues.
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PMID:Effect of starvation and insulin-induced hypoglycemia on oxidative stress scavenger system and electron transport chain complexes from rat brain, liver, and kidney. 1032 15

Sulfate uptake and ATP sulfurylase activity in the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus were enhanced by S deprivation and reduced following resupply of SO4(2-). Similar responses occurred in split-root experiments where only a portion of the root system was S-deprived, suggesting that the regulation involves inter-organ signaling. Phloem-translocated glutathione (GSH) was identified as the likely transducing molecule responsible for regulating SO4(2-) uptake rate and ATP sulfurylase activity in roots. The regulatory role of GSH was confirmed by the finding that ATP sulfurylase activity was inhibited by supplying Cys except in the presence of buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of GSH synthesis. In direct and remote (split-root) exposures, levels of protein detected by antibodies against the Arabidopsis APS3 ATP sulfurylase increased in the roots of A. thaliana and B. napus during S starvation, decreased after SO4(2-) restoration, and declined after feeding GSH. RNA blot analysis revealed that the transcript level of APS1, which codes for ATP sulfurylase, was reduced by direct and remote GSH treatments. The abundance of AST68 (a gene encoding an SO4(2-) transporter) was similarly affected by altered sulfur status. This report presents the first evidence for the regulation of root genes involved in nutrient acquisition and assimilation by a signal that is translocated from shoot to root.
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PMID:Inter-organ signaling in plants: regulation of ATP sulfurylase and sulfate transporter genes expression in roots mediated by phloem-translocated compound. 1034 46

Reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and resistance to chlorine were measured for two isogenic Escherichia coli strains stressed by oxygenation and/or starvation. The E. coli mutant deficient in GSH was not more sensitive to the oxidant than its parent strain when the bacteria were cultured with a low oxygenation rate. Starvation or oxygenation increased the resistance of the parent strain to chlorine, while the resistance of the deficient strain remained unchanged.
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PMID:Escherichia coli resistance to chlorine and glutathione synthesis in response to oxygenation and starvation. 1058 25

Depletion of cellular glutathione (GSH) enhances the efficacy of many anticancer agents in preclinical systems. Limited published data showing depletion of GSH in vitro and in patients by ifosfamide and/or mesna provided the rationale for a Phase I trial. Ifosfamide and mesna were infused over 24 and 36 h, respectively, at equal daily doses; carboplatin was given after ifosfamide to a target plasma area under the curve of 4 mg x min x ml(-1). Plasma and peripheral WBC thiols were quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The dose of ifosfamide was escalated from 2 to 8 g/m2; the maximum tolerated dose was 6 g/m2. Significant depletion in plasma cysteine and homocysteine, precursors for GSH synthesis, was observed (maximum, 95% to >99% at 8 g/m2). Plasma mesna and cysteine/ homocysteine levels were inversely correlated; nadir levels of cysteine/homocysteine were maintained for several hours after ifosfamide infusion had stopped and while mesna infusion was continuing. In vitro coincubation experiments confirmed that mesna reduces these thiols from disulfides to sulfhydryls, which are readily cleared, as evidenced by the significantly increased rate of excretion of cysteine in urine. In contrast, ifosfamide/mesna treatment caused a moderate depletion of plasma GSH in only 60% of the patients, with a nadir at 24 h and recovery immediately after the end of ifosfamide infusion. The GSH depletion in these patients was not dose related. The profile of GSH recovery in plasma after ifosfamide and the fact that mesna could not reduce GSH disulfides in vitro suggest that the observed GSH depletion in plasma in 60% of the patients may be related to direct reactions of GSH with ifosfamide metabolites and/or mesna. Our results indicate that mesna is a modulator of GSH precursors and that a prolonged infusion of mesna may be required to achieve GSH precursor starvation and the consequent GSH depletion in cells.
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PMID:Intravenous ifosfamide/mesna is associated with depletion of plasma thiols without depletion of leukocyte glutathione. 1077 56


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