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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The susceptibility of rats to alloxan undergoes a circadin rhythm. The toxicity rhythm, presumably involving injury to liver, kidney and other sites, pancreatic beta-cells in particular, is demonstrated in pooled data from 370 mature inbred Fischer or Minnesota Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes kept in light from 06(00) to 18(00) alternating with darkness, some with free access to Purina laboratory chow with tap water at all times and some other rats subjected to one of three starvation schedules: 1) a 28-h fast before an intravenous alloxan injection; 2) a 28-h fast, except for a 4-h ad libitum feeding before injection; 3) a 28-h fast, except for a 4-h pre-injection tube-feeding of Nutrament (Mead and Johnson, Evansville, Indiana), 1.5 ml/100 g body weight. Survival time data on an additional 200 inbred Fischer rats reveal, next, that susceptibility to alloxan increases as the starvation span is lengthened from 24 to 84 h. The shortening in survival time indicative of this susceptibility increase is nonlinear; a circadian rhythmic change in susceptibility to alloxan is seen as a statistically significant wave-form indicative of the basic (persisting) rhythm, of applied interest as well to students of experimental diabetes.
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PMID:Circadian susceptibility rhythm of the rat to alloxan. 74 84

Circadian variation of serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), corticosterone (B) and lipids was studied in male Wistar rats after one week of the starvation. The animals were adopted to 12:12 h light-dark cycle (lights on from 7.00 to 19.00 h) and tap water was available ad libitum. Blood samples were drawn at 3 h intervals along a 24 h span. The hormone levels were measured by RIA kits, plasma lipids by photometric method. The results were evaluated by cosinor method. The presence of a circadian rhythm of T3 and B was found in control rats. The starvation resulted in changed circadian rhythm of T3 with lower values of mesor and amplitude, and while acrophase shifted from 14.48 to 2.12. In addition, the starvation induced circadian rhythm of T4 with acrophase at 1.00. The circadian rhythm of B showed significantly higher values of mesor and amplitude, while acrophase shifted from 17.42 to 4.06. The concentration of lipids was changed in the animals deprived of food as compared with controls.
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PMID:Circadian variations of serum triiodothyronine, thyroxine, corticosterone and lipids in starved rats. 176 6

1. At 32 hr prior to slaughter, broiler chickens were treated for 24 hr with either: 1200 ppm of L-ascorbic acid (AA; Vitamin C) in their drinking water or with no-AA supplementation (controls; simultaneously maintained on tap water). 2. Following the dietary treatments, birds were stressed by cooping/starvation for 8 hr before being hauled to an abattoir for processing. As indices of stress status, blood corticosterone (B) levels and heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratios were determined at 32 and 8 hr prior to slaughter, and immediately before slaughter (0 hr). 3. The results indicated that AA supplementation reduces the stress response (i.e. elevated plasma B levels and H/L ratios) evident in broiler chickens being prepared for processing.
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PMID:Vitamin C amelioration of the adrenal stress response in broiler chickens being prepared for slaughter. 257 40

The ability of Enterococcus faecalis to metabolically adapt to an oligotrophic environment has been analyzed. E. faecalis is able to survive for prolonged periods under conditions of complete starvation established by incubation in tap water. During incubation in this microcosm, cells developed a rippled cell surface with irregular shapes. Exponentially growing cells survived to the same extent as cells starved for glucose prior to exposure to the multiple nutrient deficient stress. Chloramphenicol treatment during incubation in tap water led to a rapid decline in plate counts for exponentially growing cells but showed progressively reduced influence on stationary-phase cells harvested after different times of glucose starvation. During incubation in the oligotrophic environment, cells from the exponential-growth phase and early-stationary phase became progressively more resistant to other environmental stresses (heat [62 degreesC], acid [pH 3.3], UV254 nm light [180 J/m2], and sodium hypochlorite [0.05%]) until they reached a maximum of survival characteristic for each treatment. In contrast, cells starved of glucose for 24 h did not become more resistant to the different treatments during incubation in tap water. Our combined data suggest that energy starvation induces a response similar to that triggered by oligotrophy. Analysis of protein synthesis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed the enhanced synthesis of 51 proteins which were induced in the oligotrophic environment. A comparison of these oligotrophy-inducible proteins with the 42 glucose starvation-induced polypeptides (J. C. Giard, A. Hartke, S. Flahaut, P. Boutibonnes, and Y. Auffray, Res. Microbiol. 148:27-35, 1997) showed that 16 are common between the two different starvation conditions. These proteins and the corresponding genes seem to play a key role in the observed phenomena of long-term survival and development of general stress resistance of starved cultures of E. faecalis.
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PMID:Survival of Enterococcus faecalis in an oligotrophic microcosm: changes in morphology, development of general stress resistance, and analysis of protein synthesis. 979 71

Chloroform-soluble material was extracted from two strains of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 following growth in continuous culture. The purified material was identified as poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. PHB yields of up to 16% of cell dry weight were extracted from culture samples. The PHB was located in electron-dense intracellular inclusions, which fluoresced bright yellow when stained with the lipophilic dye Nile red. A Nile red spectrofluorometric assay provided a more accurate and reliable determination of the PHB content. PHB accumulation increased threefold during iron-limited culture and was inversely related to the concentration of iron metabolized. Chemostat-grown cells survived in a culturable state for at least 600 days when incubated at 24 degreesC in a low-nutrient tap water environment. Nile red spectrofluorometry and flow cytometry demonstrated that PHB reserves were utilized during starvation. PHB utilization, as revealed by the decline in mean cellular fluorescence and cell complexity, correlated with loss of culturability. Fluorescence microscopy provided visual evidence of PHB utilization, with a marked reduction in the number of Nile red-stained granules during starvation. Heat shock treatment failed to resuscitate nonculturable cells. This study demonstrates that L. pneumophila accumulates significant intracellular reserves of PHB, which promote its long-term survival under conditions of starvation.
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PMID:Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate in Legionella pneumophila, an energy source for survival in low-nutrient environments. 992 22

Enterococcus faecalis induces the synthesis of at least 42 proteins during 24 h of glucose starvation. Because of its induction during carbohydrate and complete starvation (incubation in tap water) and CdCl(2) and bile salts stresses, one of these proteins (Gls24) was qualified as a "general stress protein" and was analyzed at the molecular level. Its corresponding gene, gls24, seems to be the penultimate gene of an operon composed, altogether, of six open reading frames (ORFs). The ORF preceding gls24 (orf4) showed very strong identity with gls24. The deduced polypeptides of these two genes showed similarity with a 20-kDa hypothetical protein from Lactococcus lactis and an alkaline stress protein from Staphylococcus aureus with no previously known biological significance. Data from the operon sequence and Northern analysis led to the conclusions that (i) gls24 possesses its own promoter which is especially induced at the onset of starvation and (ii) the operon promoter is stress inducible in exponential-phase cells. A mutation in the gls24 gene led to a severe reduction of growth rate and reduction of survival against 0.3% bile salts in the 24-h-starved cells compared to the wild-type strain. Moreover, the chain length of the mutant is significantly reduced during growth. These results argue strongly for a role of the protein Gls24 and/or GlsB in morphological changes and in stress tolerance in E. faecalis. Comparison of two-dimensional protein gels from wild-type cells with those from gls24 mutant cells revealed a pleiotropic effect of the mutation on gene expression. At least nine proteins were present in larger amounts in the mutant. For six of them, the corresponding N-terminal microsequence has been obtained. Three of these sequences map in genes coding for L-lactate dehydrogenase, lipoamide dehydrogenase, and pyruvate decarboxylase, all involved in pyruvate metabolism.
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PMID:Inactivation of the stress- and starvation-inducible gls24 operon has a pleiotrophic effect on cell morphology, stress sensitivity, and gene expression in Enterococcus faecalis. 1091 85

Tribal hatred and rivalry can contribute to the dislocation of many people and reduction in their social welfare. Assimilation into new areas is made difficult by limitations on resources: the results can be starvation, malnutrition, death, morbidity, prostitution and rape, and inadequate shelter and means of survival. In the fall of 1992, more than 150,000 Kasaians were forced to leave Zaire and travel to regions in the East and West Kasai by whatever means possible. Accounts of "repatriation" were given by women involved in the movement. One account describes the initial adjustment in 1991 of a nine-child family in Katanga; this family took in 10 refugee families until it became impossible to survive or get along with neighbors. The decision was made to take the one train out of the area to Kasai territory. The journey was difficult for the children who had to stand and did not have sufficient food or water. A two to three day trip took two weeks. The adjustment to the new village was a strange experience, after having lived with electricity and tap water. By March 1993, conditions had so deteriorated that Kasaian women were banned from economic activity of any kind, and young thugs brandishing knives and clubs hurt and killed Kasaian women and children. Houses were set on fire, and people were disposed without any shelter in the rainy season. Those with possessions sold them and bought food. Some tried to find food in abandoned fields, but were driven back by Katangan military personnel. Maize grains and maniac root were the only food options. Many became ill with kwashiorkor and dysentery, and as many as 35 people died daily. The Red Cross counted 640 deaths between March 20 and May 25, 1993. The hatred ran deep, and mixed marriages suffered. Most families left by train, but the conditions in Kananga were the same as in Kolwezi. Food rations were inadequate. The refugee camps had bottled water, but access meant a very long wait. There was no income and no facility to plan for the future.
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PMID:Testimonies from Zaire. 1228 37

Given the lack of data on the absorption of amino acids in the tap root of Beta vulgaris, we studied the uptake of valine and compared it with that of sucrose at the same concentration (1 mM). The uptake of both substrates shared some similar characteristics. In particular, the absorption in both cases was controlled by an active process as evidenced by the inhibitory effect of CCCP and inhibitors of ATPases (DES, DCCD, orthovanadate). Both absorptions also involved the thiol and histidyl groups of protein carriers included in the plasmalemma as shown by treatment with specific compounds (PCMBS, mersalyl, NEM) inhibiting the transport of the nutrients in tissues and in purified PMV. However, it was shown that these uptakes present major differences. Firstly, unlike sucrose uptake, valine uptake was very sensitive to transmembrane electrical potential. Indeed, hyperpolarizing treatment with FC increased valine uptake but did not modify sucrose uptake. By contrast, treatment with high concentrations of KCl, which should result in depolarization of the cells, considerably decreased valine uptake and activated sucrose uptake. Secondly, ion mobilizations were different in the two types of transport. Unlike sucrose, application of valine to tissues strongly modified the time course of H+ influx. By contrast, sucrose uptake was controlled by K+ involvement as shown by effects either of modulators of K+ mobilization (LiCl, TEA) or of treatments inducing K+ starvation from the external medium.
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PMID:Valine uptake in the tap root of sugar beet: a comparative analysis with sucrose uptake. 1565 1

Drinking water quality management requires early warning tools which enable water supply companies to detect quickly and to forecast degradation of the microbial quality of drinking water during its transport throughout distribution systems. This study evaluated the feasibility of assessing, in real time, drinking water biostability by monitoring in situ the evolution of the attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) fingerprint of a nascent reference biofilm exposed to water being tested. For this purpose, the responses of nascent Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms to variations in the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) level in tap water were monitored in situ and in real time by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Nascent P. fluorescens biofilms consisting of a monolayer of bacteria were formed on the germanium crystal of an ATR flowthrough cell by pumping bacterial suspensions in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium through the cell. Then they were exposed to a continuous flow of dechlorinated sterile tap water supplemented with appropriate amounts of sterile LB medium to obtain DOC concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 11.8 mg/liter. The time evolution of infrared bands related to proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids clearly showed that changes in the DOC concentration resulted in changes in the nascent biofilm ATR-FTIR fingerprint within 2 h after exposure of the biofilm to the water being tested. The initial bacterial attachment, biofilm detachment, and regrowth kinetics determined from changes in the areas of bands associated with proteins and polysaccharides were directly dependent on the DOC level. Furthermore, they were consistent with bacterial adhesion or growth kinetic models and extracellular polymeric substance overproduction or starvation-dependent detachment mechanisms.
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PMID:In situ monitoring of the nascent Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilm response to variations in the dissolved organic carbon level in low-nutrient water by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 1764 40

The biology and morphology of Chromadorina bioculata is presented. Tile nematode was abundant on the alga Cladophora of one lily pond, but absent from similar habitats in nearby ponds. The setae, caudal glands, high Iocomotory rates and positive photo response have been interpreted in relation to maintenance on, amongst and between algal filaments, suspended over large volumes of water.When placed in tap or distilled water, C. bioculata became inactive and died. The influence of pH buffers, tonicity, temperature and starvation on activity were investigated. C. bioculata survived longer in artificial sea water diluted 10 or 100 times with distilled water, or in NaCl isotonic with sea water diluted 100 or 1000 times, than in tap or distilled water. No evidence of wide osmotic toleration or osmoregulation was observed. Activity was influenced by temperature, with peak activities occurring at the seasonal normal temperature. These findings are discussed in terms of general hematology and habitat selection.
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PMID:Observations on the Bionomics of the Freshwater Nematode Chromadorina bioculata. 1931 75


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