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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Elemental balances, and skeletal muscle membrane potential (Em) and biopsy were utilized to evaluate electrolyte homeostasis and body composition in 11 healthy adult volunteers after 10 days of starvation. This controlled, acute malnutrition was followed by refeeding for 10 days with two different, commonly used, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions. Six subjects were refed with crystalline amino acids and dextrose (dextrose group), while five subjects received amino acids, dextrose, and lipid (lipid group). During starvation, negative balances for potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, and nitrogen were observed in both groups. When compared to starvation, total parenteral nutrition produced statistically significant (p less than 0.05) equilibrium or positive electrolyte and nitrogen balances for both, the dextrose and lipid groups. During TPN, there was a significantly (p less than 0.001) positive chloride balance in the lipid group when compared to the dextrose group. At the conclusion of the 10-day period of TPN, there was a decrease (p less than 0.05) in skeletal muscle Em. This change, in concert with the electrolyte balance data obtained during parenteral repletion, lead us to postulate that restoration of lean tissue protein and cellular function does not occur at a rate which might be inferred from the positive nitrogen balance observed in this model. A persistent defect in cellular function which was evident after starvation, suggests that a brief period of TPN is insufficient to restore skeletal muscle integrity.
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PMID:Effect of starvation and total parenteral nutrition on electrolyte homeostasis in normal man. 312 86

The masses of fat, water, protein and minerals in ten obese patients (seven women and three men) have been measured, by in vivo neutron activation analysis and isotopic dilution, before and after four weeks of starvation. Mass of skeletal muscle was estimated from measured total body potassium (TBK) and nitrogen (TBN). Before starvation the patients weighed, on average, 56.5 kg more than predicted from sex, age and height. The composition of their excess tissue was consistent with that of adipose tissue. During starvation the patients lost, on average, 12.1 kg of tissue containing more water and potassium than adipose tissue. Regression analysis of the measured changes in potassium and protein suggested that approximately 230 mmol of potassium was lost independently of protein, the remainder being lost with 'non-muscle' fat-free tissue. Because some potassium was lost without protein, the change in muscle mass calculated from the changes in TBK and TBN overestimated the true mass of muscle lost. After starvation the patients still had 44.5 kg of excess tissue. Their composition was consistent with an excess of adipose tissue and a deficit of potassium.
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PMID:Body composition of fasting obese patients measured by in vivo neutron activation analysis and isotopic dilution. 330 6

We compared the effects of dialysate composition on changes in intermediary metabolites, acid-base balance, and potassium removal during hemodialysis. Patients were dialyzed against dialysates containing acetate or bicarbonate, each with or without glucose, in a four-way cross-over study. Dialysates containing acetate were associated with significant perturbations in intermediary metabolism, including increases in blood citrate, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate and a decrease in pyruvate. In contrast, bicarbonate-containing dialysates caused minimal perturbations in intermediary metabolism. Addition of glucose to the dialysate decreased the changes in intermediary metabolites; however, the magnitude of this effect was less than that observed for the change from acetate to bicarbonate. Use of acetate also resulted in lower post-dialysis blood-concentrations of base equivalents than obtained with bicarbonate; this difference was unaffected by the presence or absence of glucose. Although pre- and post-dialysis potassium concentrations were unaffected by the dialysate formulation, total potassium removal was significantly greater when glucose was omitted from the dialysate. Our results suggest that both bicarbonate and glucose should be included in the dialysate, particularly for those patients whose capacity for metabolism may be limited because of highly efficient dialysis, intercurrent illness, or starvation. However, addition of glucose to the dialysate may require a reduction in dialysate potassium to maintain proper potassium homeostasis.
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PMID:Hemodialysate composition and intradialytic metabolic, acid-base and potassium changes. 330 95

The effect of starvation on urinary output and biochemical indices of renal function was investigated in rats. Starvation resulted in a marked fall in water intake. Urinary output paradoxically increased during the first day following starvation, but fell dramatically thereafter. Urinary creatinine excretion and creatinine clearance fell markedly, but plasma creatinine concentration did not alter. Plasma urea concentration and urinary urea excretion fell. Plasma sodium concentration increased, whilst plasma potassium concentration did not alter; urinary sodium and potassium excretion fell. Plasma bicarbonate concentration fell marginally, but the anion gap increased to a greater extent. Following re-feeding, water intake and urine output increased, as did urinary creatinine excretion and creatinine clearance. Plasma urea and urinary urea concentrations, as well as sodium and potassium excretion, increased. Plasma bicarbonate increased and the anion gap decreased. These indices improved within 2 days of re-feeding and were restored to normal in 5 days.
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PMID:Effect of starvation on biochemical indices of renal function in the rat. 342 45

In seven obese female subjects undergoing a period of therapeutic starvation, the excretion of sodium, potassium and dopamine and plasma levels of renin and aldosterone were measured. Sodium excretion increased during starvation and was maximal on the 2nd day. The urinary excretion of dopamine was significantly higher on day 4 and it remained elevated till the end of the study. Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone levels were also higher on the 4th-6th days of starvation. These findings suggest that dopamine may not play a significant role in the natriuresis of starvation.
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PMID:Urine dopamine in starving obese subjects. 353 May 91

Dietary control of sodium intake was utilized in weanling rats to study the relationships among body growth, tissue composition and extracellular fluid volume (ECFV). Forty 3-wk-old rats were divided into groups receiving 30, 150, 300, 600 or 900 mu eq sodium/d for 5 wk. The minimal daily requirement for normal growth was 300 mu eq Na, or about 60 mu eq/g of new growth. Lower doses caused dose-related growth failure associated with a reduced ECFV. Analyses of carcass, muscle and bone composition were carried out. In sodium-deprived animals there was retarded growth of protoplasm, fat and bone; the mineral composition of muscle was not altered, whereas in bone calcium concentration was reduced. Plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride remained normal. Pair-feeding indicated that sodium-deficiency growth retardation could not be attributed to starvation. Sodium-deficient animals ingested a greater amount of food per gram of weight gain, possibly reflecting an increased energy expenditure. Sodium deprivation initially permitted protoplasmic growth to proceed at a rate disproportionate to that of the ECFV. Subsequently, both continued to grow at a reduced but similar rate, suggesting that ECFV may be a controller of protoplasmic growth.
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PMID:Sodium deprivation growth failure in the rat: alterations in tissue composition and fluid spaces. 365 41

1. Using vanadate-facilitated [3H]ouabain binding, the effect of semi-starvation on the total concentration of [3H]ouabain-binding sites was determined in samples of rat skeletal muscle. When 12-week-old rats were semi-starved for 1, 2 or 3 weeks on one-third to half the normal daily energy intake, the [3H]ouabain-binding site concentration in soleus muscle was reduced by 19, 24 and 25% respectively. In extensor digitorum longus, diaphragm and gastrocnemius muscles the decrease after 2 weeks of semi-starvation was 15, 18 and 17% respectively. The decrease was fully reversible within 3 d of free access to the diet. Complete deprivation of food for 5 d caused a reduction of 25% in soleus muscle [3H]ouabain-binding-site concentration. It was excluded that the reduction in [3H]ouabain binding was due to a reduced affinity of the binding site for [3H]ouabain. 2. Semi-starvation of 12-week-old rats for 3 weeks caused a reduction of 45 and 53% in 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels respectively. As reduced thyroid hormone levels have previously been found to decrease [3H]ouabain-binding-site concentration in skeletal muscle, this points to the importance of T3 and T4 in the down-regulation of the [3H]ouabain-binding-site concentration in skeletal muscle with semi-starvation. Whereas potassium depletion caused a decrease in K content as well as in [3H]ouabain-binding-site concentration in skeletal muscles, semi-starvation caused only a tendency to a decrease in K content. Thus, K depletion is not a major cause of the reduction in [3H]ouabain-binding-site concentration with semi-starvation. 3. Due to its high concentration of Na,K pumps, skeletal muscle has a considerable capacity for clearing K from the plasma as well as for the binding of digitalis glycosides. Semi-starvation causes a severe reduction in the total skeletal muscle pool of Na,K pumps and may therefore be associated with impairment of K tolerance and increased digitalis toxicity.
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PMID:Effects of semi-starvation and potassium deficiency on the concentration of [3H]ouabain-binding sites and sodium and potassium contents in rat skeletal muscle. 367 28

Carbohydrate metabolism was examined in different organs of rats with dietary potassium deprivation for 4 weeks. Thereafter, a 24- or 48-hour starvation period caused a significant decrease of skeletal muscle and liver glycogen content in K+-depleted (KD) rats, whereas kidney glycogen concentration increased and heart glycogen remained unchanged. In contrast, liver glucose concentration was significantly higher in starved KD animals without changes in muscle, heart, and kidney glucose concentrations. Potassium depletion caused a highly significant decrease of plasma and muscle potassium concentrations, metabolic alkalosis, reduced plasma insulin, and increased creatine phosphokinase levels. Blood lactate, pyruvate, and oxoglutarate levels were significantly enhanced in fasted KD rats, whereas blood citrate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and glucose concentrations were unchanged. Blood acetoacetate level, however, was significantly reduced following potassium depletion. Therefore, beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio increased significantly, whereas lactate/pyruvate ratio was not influenced. Our results clearly indicate impaired carbohydrate metabolism in potassium-depleted rats.
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PMID:Carbohydrate metabolism in potassium-depleted rats. 389 82

The transport of radioactive sodium in high sodium cat red blood cells has been studied under various experimental conditions. It was found that iodoacetate (IAA) and iodoacetamide (IAM) inhibit Na influx by 50% whereas NaF has no effect. Reversible dyes, such as methylene blue (Mb), also inhibit this influx by 60%. Both IAA and Mb effects show a lag period of about 40 min. Cell starvation abolishes the volume-dependent Na influx which is generally observed in these cells. IAA reduces significantly the volume-dependent Na influx but does not inhibit it completely. 5 mM magnesium chloride produces a twofold increase in Na influx. On the other hand, MgCl(2) has no effect on Na transport in human red cells or on potassium or sulfate transport in cat red cells. The effect of MgCl(2) is quite rapid and does not interfere with the volume-dependent Na influx. This effect is abolished in starved cells. Reincubation of previously stored cells in buffered solutions containing glucose and MgCl(2) causes more than one order of magnitude increase in Na influx. These several observations are discussed in terms of the possibility of a link between Na transport and Na-Mg-activated ATPase.
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PMID:Further studies of sodium transport in feline red cells. 473 97

Inducible and constitutive beta-galactosidase formation and radioactive amino acid incorporation were measured in cells recovering from various treatments which inhibit protein synthesis in the cell. Undelayed beta-galactosidase formation was found in stringent auxotrophs recovering from amino acid starvation, in cells recovering from glycerol or potassium starvation, and in bacteria recovering from puromycin treatment. Delayed beta-galactosidase formation was found in relaxed auxotrophs recovering from amino acid starvation and in prototrophs recovering from chloramphenicol or from tetracycline treatment. The length of this delay was directly proportional to the duration of the treatment. All cells recovering from the various treatments exhibited a slightly decreased rate of beta-galactosidase formation and an increase in radioactive amino acid incorporation.
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PMID:Inducible and constitutive -galactosidase formation in cells recovering from protein synthesis inhibition. 494 86


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