Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We conducted a case-control study of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease (AD) on 170 cases aged 52 to 96 years, and 170 controls matched for age, sex and, where possible, the general practice of origin. Trained lay interviewers naive to the hypotheses and to the clinical status of the elderly person carried out risk-factor interviews with informants. Significant odds ratios were found for 4 variables: a history of either dementia, probable AD, or Down's syndrome in a 1st-degree relative, and underactivity as a behavioral trait in both the recent and more distant past. Previously reported or suggested associations not confirmed by this study include head injury, starvation, thyroid disease, analgesic abuse, antacid use (aluminum exposure), alcohol abuse, smoking, and being left-handed.
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PMID:A case-control study of Alzheimer's disease in Australia. 214 25

Phosphorus is the sixth most abundant element in the body after oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and calcium. It comprises about 1% of the total body weight of humans. Eighty-five percent of it is stored in the bone in the form of hydroxyapatite crystal; 14% is in the soft tissues in the form of energy-storing bonds with nucleotides (ATP, GTP), nucleic acids in chromosomes and ribosomes, 2,3-DPG in the red blood cells, and phospholipids in the cells' membranes. Less than 1% is in the extracellular fluids. Phosphate balance is maintained by multiple systems. The gut is responsible for the absorption of two thirds of the 4-30 mg/kg/day of phosphate intake. Absorption sites are all along the gut; in humans the most active site is the jejunum. The kidney filters 90% of the plasma phosphate and reabsorbs it in the tubuli. In states of hypophosphatemia the kidney can reabsorb the filtered phosphates very efficiently, reducing the amount excreted in the urine virtually to zero. The healthy kidney can excrete high loads of phosphate and rid the body of phosphate overload. Through the vitamin D-PTH axis the endocrine system regulates the phosphate balance by influencing the kidney, gut, and bone. Other hormones, including thyroid, insulin, glucagon, glucocorticosteroid, and thyrocalcitonin, play a lesser role in regulation of phosphate metabolism. Because of the complex control of phosphate homeostasis, various clinical conditions may lead to hypophosphatemia. These include nutritional repletion, gastrointestinal malabsorption, use of phosphate binders, starvation, diabetes mellitus, and increased urinary losses due to tubular dysfunction. The clinical picture of phosphate depletion is manifested in different organs and is due mainly to the fall in intracellular levels of ATP and decreased availability of oxygen to the tissues, secondary to 2,3-DPG depletion. The various manifestations of phosphate depletion are listed in Table 2. The treatment of hypophosphatemia consists of administering enteral or parenteral phosphate salts. An important aspect of dealing with the potentially serious effects of phosphate depletion is to prevent the depletion from happening in the first place. Hyperphosphatemia can occur in renal failure, hemolysis, tumor lysis syndrome, and rhabdomyolysis. The treatment of hyperphosphatemia usually consists of fluid administration (in the absence of kidney failure). In chronic hyperphosphatemia, phosphate binders such as aluminum and magnesium salts can reduce the phosphate load. The use of these phosphate binders is limited by their potential side effects.
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PMID:Consequences of phosphate imbalance. 306 Jan 61

A simple rabbit care unit for peripheral intravenous feeding and metabolic studies was developed. The unit consists of six aluminum boxes with a common cover. Inverted T-shaped mobile supports hanging from the upper horizontal part of a frame hold the infusion lines. The side walls of the box prevent the rabbit from turning around, but other movements are possible. After initial training with 21 surgically treated animals, there was only one early anesthetic death among the subsequent 21 rabbits (4.8%). There was one late death (4.8%), and one animal was slightly, and two animals clearly, deteriorated. The ear vein cannula had to be changed in one-third of the animals not more than 3 days from the outset. Problems associated with the infusion systems or urinary bladder catheterization were minor. The results showed that it is practical to infuse rabbits via a peripheral intravenous route in a semi-restraining metabolic unit. The cases of late death and deterioration can be explained in part by the stress of experimental conditions with starvation and surgery, rather than by the effect of the metabolic unit alone. With previous experience in treating rabbits, we find the period required to learn this technique is short.
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PMID:Rabbit care unit for intravenous feeding and metabolic studies. 309 17

Aluminum (Al) compounds are widely used in drugs and food additives but the toxicity of such compounds is not known in detail except in patients with renal insufficiency (J. W. Coburn and A. C. Alfrey, 1986, Kidney Int. 29, Suppl. 18). In this experiment, toxicity of ingested Al was investigated in relation to nutritional conditions in normal rats having no renal insufficiency. Sucrose, lactose, milk, casein and soy-protein diets were prepared. As the Al source, aluminum chloride (AlCl3) was added to these diets at the level of 2000 micrograms/g (ppm). Male weanling Wistar rats were fed for 67 days without any Al effect on body weight gain. After a half-day starvation they were terminated. The significance of difference resulting from Al treatment was statistically tested between rats consuming diet with or without added Al. Serum Al concentrations did not exceed 20 ng/ml in any of the groups. Tibia Al concentration doubled in rats consuming added Al in every diet but lactose. Liver Al concentration increased significantly in the Sucrose, Milk, and Casein groups compared to each Control group consuming diet without addition of Al. No lactose effect on Al accumulation was observed. With Al treatment, anemia and hypophosphatemia were not observed, but a decrease in tibia weight was observed with every diet. Aluminum-dependent decreases in serum triglyceride (TG) concentration were also observed in all dietary groups, without any effect on serum cholesterol or phospholipid (P-lipid) concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Decrease of serum triglyceride in normal rats fed with 2000 ppm aluminum diet for 67 days. I. Feeding young rats sucrose, lactose, milk, casein or soy-protein diets with addition of aluminum chloride. 339 88

Insulin found in the CNS may be a key regulator in the balance of energy in the body. Since the peripheral circulation is the principal source of insulin in the CNS, insulin must cross the blood-brain barrier. We examined the retention of radioactively labeled insulin in the brain and its transport from the brain after injection icv in mice. The results were compared with those found in mice after fasting, starvation, refeeding, and the addition of aluminum (previously shown to affect the transport of peptides from the CNS) as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (known to interact with peripheral insulin). There was no obvious saturable transport system for insulin from the brain, but the retention of insulin was regulated by both aluminum and starvation. Although TNF-alpha was neither required nor involved chronically in the retention of insulin in the brain, acute ip administration of TNF-alpha produced an early increase in the retention of insulin similar to that found after starvation.
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PMID:Sequestration of centrally administered insulin by the brain: effects of starvation, aluminum, and TNF-alpha. 891 85

Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen that causes a lethal meningitis in immunocompromised individuals. Several factors are associated with virulence of this fungus, including its mating type; however, the mechanism by which mating type affects virulence is unknown. C. neoformans is a basidiomycete that exists in two mating types called a and alpha that can fuse to form an a/alpha dikaryon. A mating assay was developed that allowed a quantitative analysis of cryptococcal mating physiology. Interestingly, the efficiency of mating appeared to be dependent on temperature, being highest at 30 degrees C and almost completely absent at 37 degrees C. Thus, while mating type itself may be associated with virulence (which must occur at 37 degrees C), the ability to mate is probably not a virulence factor. Mating efficiency was increased by altering the carbon or nitrogen sources to give so-called starvation media. The addition of various drugs also seemed to alter the frequency of mating, depending on the composition of mating medium. The data suggested that cAMP, 8-bromo-cAMP and caffeine increased mating on starvation medium but only cAMP and 8-bromo-cAMP stimulated mating on rich medium; caffeine was unable to stimulate mating on rich medium. Aluminium fluoride, an activator of heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins), was also found to stimulate mating, suggesting the involvement of a G-protein that may regulate the level of cAMP.
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PMID:A novel quantitative mating assay for the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans provides insight into signalling pathways responding to nutrients and temperature. 963 39

Melastoma malabathricum L. (melastoma) is an Al-accumulating woody plant that grows in tropical Southeast Asia in acid soils with high aluminum (Al) concentrations and low nutrient concentrations. Because oxalate serves as a ligand for Al accumulation in melastoma leaves and citrate is the ligand associated with Al translocation from roots to shoots, we investigated the role of organic acids in the adaptation of melastoma to growth on these soils. Phosphorus starvation increased oxalate concentration in the rhizosphere, enabling melastoma to solubilize insoluble aluminum phosphate in the rhizosphere. Increased availability of P and Al in the rhizosphere enhanced growth. In the xylem sap, the concentration of citrate increased with increasing Al concentration. In contrast, the concentrations of malate, succinate and alpha-ketoglutarate in the xylem sap decreased with increasing Al concentration, suggesting that tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes were affected by Al treatment.
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PMID:Role of organic acids in aluminum accumulation and plant growth in Melastoma malabathricum. 1218 82

Erythropoietin (Epo) promotes the development of erythroid progenitors by triggering intracellular signals through the binding to its specific receptor (EpoR). Previous results related to the action of aluminum (Al) on erythropoiesis let us suggest that the metal affects Epo interaction with its target cells. In order to investigate this effect on cell activation by the Epo-EpoR complex, two human cell lines with different dependence on Epo were subjected to Al exposure. In the Epo-independent K562 cells, Al inhibited Epo antiapoptotic action and triggered a simultaneous decrease in protein and mRNA EpoR levels. On the other hand, proliferation of the strongly Epo-dependent UT-7 cells was enhanced by long-term Al treatment, in agreement with the upregulation of EpoR expression during Epo starvation. Results provide some clues to the way by which Epo supports cell survival and growth, and demonstrate that not all the intracellular factors needed to guarantee the different signaling pathways of Epo-cell activation are available or activated in cells expressing EpoR. This study then suggests that at least one of the mechanisms by which Al interfere with erythropoiesis might involve EpoR modulation.
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PMID:The distinct erythropoietin functions that promote cell survival and proliferation are affected by aluminum exposure through mechanisms involving erythropoietin receptor. 1577 37

Aluminum severely affects the growth of the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica and induces symptoms indicating phosphorus starvation. Preor post-treating the cells with high (90 micromolar) phosphorus reduces the toxicity of aluminum compared to cells receiving a lower orthophosphate concentration. In this study aluminum (ranging from 9 to 36 micromolar) and phosphorus concentrations were chosen so that the precipitation of insoluble AIPO(4) never exceeded 10% of the total phosphate concentration. The uptake of (32)P-phosphorus is not disturbed by aluminum either at high (100 micromolar) or low (10 micromolar) concentrations of phosphate. Also, the rapid accumulation of polyphosphate granules in cells exposed to aluminum indicates that the incorporation of phosphate is not disturbed. However, a significant decrease in the mobilization of the polyphosphates is observed, as is a lowered activity of the enzyme acid phosphatase, in aluminum treated cells. We conclude that aluminum acts on the intracellular metabolism of phosphate, which eventually leads to phosphorus starvation rather than on its uptake in the cyanobacterium A. cylindrica.
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PMID:Aluminum Effects on Uptake and Metabolism of Phosphorus by the Cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica. 1666 49

To understand the mechanisms of aluminum (Al) tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) libraries were constructed from Al-stressed roots of two near-isogenic lines (NILs). A total of 1,065 putative genes from the SSH libraries was printed in a cDNA array. Relative expression levels of those genes were compared between two NILs at seven time points of Al stress from 15 min to 7 days. Fifty-seven genes were differentially expressed for at least one time point of Al treatment. Among them, 28 genes including genes for aluminum-activated malate transporter-1, ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase-1, beta-glucosidase, lectin, histidine kinase, and phospoenolpyruvate carboxylase showed more abundant transcripts in Chisholm-T and therefore may facilitate Al tolerance. In addition, a set of genes related to senescence and starvation of nitrogen, iron, and sulfur, such as copper chaperone homolog, nitrogen regulatory gene-2, yellow stripe-1, and methylthioribose kinase, was highly expressed in Chisholm-S under Al stress. The results suggest that Al tolerance may be co-regulated by multiple genes with diverse functions, and those genes abundantly expressed in Chisholm-T may play important roles in enhancing Al tolerance. The down-regulated genes in Chisholm-S may repress root growth and restrict uptake of essential nutrient elements, and lead to root senescence.
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PMID:Transcriptional analysis between two wheat near-isogenic lines contrasting in aluminum tolerance under aluminum stress. 1703 77


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