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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rats were fasted for 48 h, but infused with either NaCl or the sodium salt of monoethyl succinic acid (EMS), both delivered at a rate of 80 mumol/g body weight per day. The infusion of EMS, as compared to NaCl, failed to affect paraovarian adipose tissue or liver weight, liver or muscle glycogen, and insulinemia. It accentuated the starvation-induced fall in body weight, and decreased both liver and muscle protein content. Nevertheless, the succinate ester increased plasma D-glucose concentration, delayed the rise in ketonemia, maintained a higher glucokinase/hexokinase activity ratio in liver and pancreatic islets, and allowed for a more efficient stimulation of insulin release by D-glucose or 2-ketoisocaproate in isolated pancreatic islets. These findings indicate that monoethyl succinate displays a significant nutritional value when infused in starved rats.
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PMID:Nutritional value of succinic acid monoethyl ester in starvation. 926 86

The identification of sigma B-dependent general stress proteins is a useful strategy to understand the physiological role of the unspecific stress response in Bacillus subtilis. By N-terminal sequencing of B. subtilis stress proteins Gsp38 was identified as the NAD-synthetase (NadE). NadE was previously characterized as spore outgrowth factor B (OutB) conferring a temperature-sensitive spore outgrowth defective phenotype. Transcriptional studies showed that nadE is strongly induced in response to heat, ethanol and salt stress or after starvation for glucose in a sigma B-dependent manner. Two promoters are involved in transcriptional initiation, the sigma A-dependent upstream promoter contributes to the basal level during growth, whereas the sigma B-dependent downstream promoter is induced after different stress conditions.
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PMID:The NAD synthetase NadE (OutB) of Bacillus subtilis is a sigma B-dependent general stress protein. 927 69

A computer-aided analysis of high resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels was used to investigate the changes in the protein synthesis profile in B. subtilis wild-type strains and sigB mutants in response to heat shock, salt and ethanol stress, and glucose of phosphate starvation. The data provided evidence that the induction of a least 42 general stress proteins absolutely required the alternative sigma factor sigmaB. However, at least seven stress proteins, among them ClpC, ClpP, Sod, AhpC and AhpF, remained stress-inducible in a sigB mutant. Such a detailed analysis also premitted the description of subgroups of general stress proteins which are subject to additional regulatory circuits, indicating a very thorough fine-tuning of this complex response. The relative synthesis rate of the general stress proteins constituted up to 40% of the total protein synthesis of stressed cells and thereby emphasizes the importance of the stress regulon. Besides the induction of these general or rather unspecific stress proteins, the induction of stress-specific proteins is shown and discussed.
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PMID:Specific and general stress proteins in Bacillus subtilis--a two-deimensional protein electrophoresis study. 929 90

Data on the identification of proteins of Bacillus subtilis on two-dimensional (2-D) gels as well as their regulation are summarized and the identification of 56 protein spots is included. The pattern of proteins synthesized in Bacillus subtilis during exponential growth, during starvation for glucose or phosphate, or after the imposition of stresses like heat shock, salt- and ethanol stress as well as oxidative stress was analyzed. N-terminal sequencing of protein spots allowed the identification of 93 proteins on 2-D gels, which are required for the synthesis of amino acids and nucleotides, the generation of ATP, for glycolyses, the pentose phosphate cycle, the citric acid cycle as well as for adaptation to a variety of stress conditions. A computer-aided analysis of the 2-D gels was used to monitor the synthesis profile of more than 130 protein spots. Proteins performing housekeeping functions during exponential growth displayed a reduced synthesis rate during stress and starvation, whereas spots induced during stress and starvation were classified as specific stress proteins induced by a single stimulus or a group of related stimuli, or as general stress proteins induced by a variety of entirely different stimuli. The analysis of mutants in global regulators was initiated in order to establish a response regulation map for B. subtilis. These investigations demonstrated that the alternative sigma factor sigma B is involved in the regulation of almost all of the general stress proteins and that the phoPR two-component system is required for the induction of a large part but not all of the proteins induced by phosphate starvation.
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PMID:First steps from a two-dimensional protein index towards a response-regulation map for Bacillus subtilis. 929 59

Several mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae showing poor growth in the presence of elevated concentrations of NaCl were isolated to identify genes involved in the osmo-stress response. One of these mutants (WAY.5-4A-11; osr11) which showed a clear 2:2 segregation of the salt-stress phenotype upon tetrad analysis when crossed to a wild-type strain has been characterised. The mutation responsible for poor growth under salt-stress was recessive. The corresponding gene was cloned by complementation of the mutant phenotype and a 3.5-kb fragment was isolated. The sequence of this fragment matched that of KAR3, a gene previously identified to be involved in karyogamy and mitosis. Allelism of OSR11 to KAR3 was confirmed by tetrad analysis, and disruption mutants showed the same NaCl-phenotype as the original osr11 mutation. The disruption mutant was more sensitive to high sucrose concentrations than the original mutant was to high glucose concentrations. In a different genetic background (W303-1A), the kar3 disruptants were less sensitive to osmo-stress than the WAY.5-4A strain. Heat-stress, nitrogen-starvation and cultivation on ethanol failed to affect the growth of osr11 and kar3 mutants, pointing to a possible specific involvement of KAR3 in the osmotic-stress response. Microscopic studies showed that cell division of the kar3 mutants was impaired and NaCl-stress conditions aggravated the phenotype.
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PMID:A Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant defective in the kinesin-like protein Kar3 is sensitive to NaCl-stress. 937 82

In this report we show that the ENA1/PMR2A gene is under glucose repression. The SNF1 protein kinase, acting independently from the HOG and calcineurin pathways, is essential to release ENA1 from glucose repression. The transcriptional repressor Ssn6p negatively regulates ENA1 expression and, like other glucose repressible genes, this repression is mediated in part by Mig1p. Deletion of a fragment from the ENA1 promoter that includes two Mig1p consensus binding sites gives a high level of expression in glucose without added salt. We suggest that regulation of ENA1 by the SNF1 pathway could be part of a general mechanism through which yeast cells respond to carbon source starvation by activating protective systems against different types of stress.
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PMID:Glucose repression affects ion homeostasis in yeast through the regulation of the stress-activated ENA1 gene. 938 92

SigmaB-dependent general stress proteins (Gsps) of Bacillus subtilis are essential for the development of glucose-starvation-induced cross-resistance to oxidative challenge. However, the proteins directly involved in this nonspecific resistance to oxidative stress have to be identified. We found that one prominent Gsp displayed strong sequence similarity to the previously characterized oxidative-stress-inducible MrgA protein of B. subtilis and to the starvation-induced Dps/PexB protein of Escherichia coli. We therefore designated this prominent Gsp Dps. While MrgA belongs to the peroxide-stress-inducible proteins needed for the H2O2-inducible adaptive response to oxidative stress, Dps belongs to the proteins induced by heat, salt, or ethanol stress and after starvation for glucose but not by a sublethal oxidative challenge. Primer extension experiments identified two overlapping promoters upstream of the coding region of dps, one being sigmaB dependent (PB) and the other being sigmaB independent (P1). Both promoters contribute to the basal level of dps during growth. After stress or during entry into the stationary phase, transcription from PB strongly increased whereas transcription from P1 decreased. Mutant strains lacking Dps completely failed to develop glucose-starvation-induced resistance to oxidative stress. These results confirm our suggestion that sigmaB-dependent general stress proteins of B. subtilis are absolutely required for the development of nonspecific resistance to oxidative stress.
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PMID:Expression of a stress- and starvation-induced dps/pexB-homologous gene is controlled by the alternative sigma factor sigmaB in Bacillus subtilis. 939 87

Assessment of cell viability using methods which do not require cell culture is essential in the field of aquatic microbiology, since many bacteria known to be present in aquatic environments cannot be grown in culture. The study of bacterial biofilms, which previously needed an epifluorescent microscope, has recently been enhanced by the use of flow cytometry and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). A method based on the combination of several membrane potential related dyes, a membrane integrity dye and a redox probe was used to measure cell viability by flow cytometry and confocal laser microscopy. Rhodamine-propidium iodide (PI) double staining was used to discriminate viable from nonviable cells in CSLM observations. Membrane depolarization during E. coli and Salmonella starvation measured by DiBAC4(3) incorporation (flow cytometry and CSLM) was found to be in concordance with respiratory activity as detected by a tetrazolium salt (CTC) reduction.
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PMID:Assessment of E. coli and Salmonella viability and starvation by confocal laser microscopy and flow cytometry using rhodamine 123, DiBAC4(3), propidium iodide, and CTC. 941 12

Direct microscopic enumeration of viable Campylobacter jejuni cells (ie, respiring bacteria) were performed in both culturable and non-culturable states. Five different C jejuni strains were used, including a reference strain, ATCC 33291. Cells from all five strains were incubated alone with 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC), a redox dye. It was reduced by an electron transport chain to an insoluble red fluorescent CTC formazan salt, which accumulated intracellularly. The presence of these red CTC crystals in the bacteria cells was indicative of cellular respiratory activity. Counterstaining with 4'-6 diamino-2 phenylindole (DAPI), which fluoresces in blue, made a suitable contrast and allowed simultaneous enumeration of total and viable bacteria on a single filter. Four hours of incubation with 5 mM CTC under a microaerobic atmosphere was found to be the optimal condition yielding the maximum number of respiring cells (both culturable and non-culturable). When used in combination with standard culture techniques, double staining makes it possible to monitor the viable but non-culturable cells of jejuni obtained by starvation more easily than with the direct viable count procedure.
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PMID:Double staining (CTC-DAPI) for detection and enumeration of viable but non-culturable Campylobacter jejuni cells. 942 48

The salt-sensitive mutant 549 of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 was genetically and physiologically characterized. The mutated site and corresponding wild-type site were cloned and partially sequenced. The genetic analysis revealed that during the mutation about 1.8 kb was deleted from the chromosome of mutant 549. This deletion affected four open reading frames: a gcp gene homolog, the psaFJ genes, and an unknown gene. After construction of mutants with single mutations, only the gcp mutant showed a reduction in salt tolerance comparable to that of the initial mutant, indicating that the deletion of this gene was responsible for the salt sensitivity and that the other genes were of minor importance. Besides the reduced salt tolerance, a remarkable change in pigmentation was observed that became more pronounced in salt-stressed cells. The phycobilipigment content decreased, and that of carotenoids increased. Investigations of changes in the ultrastructure revealed an increase in the amount of characteristic inclusion bodies containing the high-molecular-weight nitrogen storage polymer cyanophycin (polyaspartate and arginine). The salt-induced accumulation of cyanophycin was confirmed by chemical estimations. The putative glycoprotease encoded by the gcp gene might be responsible for the degradation of cyanophycin in Synechocystis. Mutation of this gene leads to nitrogen starvation of the cells, accompanied by characteristic changes in pigmentation, ultrastructure, and salt tolerance level.
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PMID:Mutation of a gene encoding a putative glycoprotease leads to reduced salt tolerance, altered pigmentation, and cyanophycin accumulation in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. 953 67


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