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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A new FAO report on how to estimate the energy and protein requirements of individuals is imminent and has direct application to the management of obese patients. Energy needs, although variable form individual to individual, are reasonably stable unless gross overfeeding or prolonged semi-starvation occurs; unconscious appetite control is surprisingly important. No longer will energy needs be expressed per kg body weight, a reference point difficult to apply to obese subjects anyway. There are now equations for estimating basal metabolic rate (BMR) these can be appled to obese subjects to give BMR in MJ per day; for kcal from kJ divide by 4.184. The equations apply to all races although north Europeans and Americans tend to have high values and Indians low. An obese patient has a higher BMR than a normal person of the same height. Lean body mass is increased in obesity so some long term loss is inevitable with slimming and accounts for the persistent fall in BMR on weight loss. Energy and protein needs are just the beginning of dietary management. Obese patients are prone to cardiovascular and gall bladder disease. A low fat diet is important and a polyunsaturated: saturated ratio (P:S) of 0.5 to 1.0 is appropriate: higher ratios will exacerbate cholestasis in the biliary tract which can be precipitated by weight loss. New evidence suggests that cereal fibre intake is important for preventing secondary bile salt recycling from the colon with its effect on biliary cholesterol saturation. Therefore long term high cereal (not bran) fibre intakes are as important in obese patients as is a low fat diet. High carbohydrate diets produce a slightly higher metabolism rate than iso-energetic diets. Low sugar diets lead to slightly lower energy intakes. Trace element deficient diets can lead to obesity so the obese patient and his family should be advised and shown how to permanently adjust to a 'prudent' diet. The short term approach to management is usually a waste of time.
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PMID:Dietary aspects of obesity. 651 54

The UDS induced in cultured FL cells by exposure to chemicals was measured as hydroxyurea-resistant incorporation of 3H-TdR in the acid-insoluble fraction of the 14C-TdR-prelabelled cells synchronized by the combination of arginine starvation and pretreatment with hydroxyurea. The level of UDS is represented by the ratios of 3H/14C radioactivities which are measures of specific activities of 3H. Two direct-acting alkylating agents, MMS and MNNG, a cross-linking agent, mitomycin C, and 3 procarcinogens, B(a)P, AFB1 and cyclophosphamide elicited UDS in the absence or presence of the liver-metabolizing system. Three chemicals of unknown carcinogenicity were also able to induce UDS in this assay system, i.e., bis-(O,O-diethylphosphinothioyl)-disulphide, 4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (sodium salt) and caramelized malt sugar. With the exception of 4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid, they were also active in the Ames test.
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PMID:A modified method of UDS detection in vitro suitable for screening the DNA-damaging effects of chemicals. 665 21

Initiation is the contact-independent phase of sexual conjugation which occurs when mature cells of Tetrahymena thermophila are shifted from growth medium to a low-salt starvation buffer. Immaturity, like high-salt starvation, restricts the ability of cells to conjugate; immature cells do not conjugate in either low- or high-salt buffers. Comparisons between sexually mature cells starved in initiation-restrictive and initiation-permissive buffers, and between immature and mature cells starved in an initiation-permissive buffer permitted the analysis of membrane protein expression correlated with mating competence. No polypeptides identified by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination were found to be specific to mating-competent cells; however, several polypeptides not present in initiated cells were found to be common to the cell surfaces of immature and non-initiated cells which suggests that (1) initiation involves the removal of specific proteins from the cell surface, and (2) immaturity may be due to an inability to initiate.
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PMID:Membrane protein differences correlated with the development of mating competence in Tetrahymena thermophila. 673 14

It is currently thought that lead is released from organic depots in response to internal or external stress to the organism. Using young Wistar rats, we were unable to confirm this view. Chronic lead levels, persisting over a period of 20 days, were achieved by the intraperitoneal injection of labelled (210Pb) lead acetate into rats (5 mg/kg body weight). The animals were divided into four groups. One group was maintained normally as a control, while two others were subjected to stress, i.e. starvation and injection of an autolysate of bacteria, respectively. All three of these groups showed identical behaviour with respect to total body radioactivity, femur radioactivity (representing the chief skeletal depot), and excretion of radioactivity. The fourth group received Na2Ca-EDTA (sodium salt of the calcium chelate of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). The decrease of total body radioactivity and femur radioactivity, and the relative excretion of 210Pb had almost levelled out by about 14 days, and was related mainly to the elimination of lead from the bones (in parenchymatous organs, the cell membrane forms a barrier to the therapeutic removal of intracellular lead). This illustrates the effectiveness of early treatment in lead poisoning, and the ineffectiveness of continuous therapy.
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PMID:[Elimination of lead from rats under biological stress, and application of Na2Ca-EDTA (author's transl)]. 677 29

Thiazolidine carboxylic acid (TCA) is a natural liver metabolite whose Mg-salt increased lifespan of flies and mice (Miquel and Economos, 1979, Exp. Geront. 14: 279). We studied the physiological and cellular fine structural effects of various concentrations of TCA in the food of male Drosophila. Flies on 0.3% TCA at 27 degrees C had a reduced oxygen consumption rate (about 20% less than controls) at 3 wks of age while their mating capacity and speed of mating were preserved; the flies lived in various experiments 20-30% longer than controls. Apparently TCA improved the metabolic efficiency of the flies (possibly from less "waste" of energy due to improved mitochondrial coupling). However, flies on 0.9% TCA had a reduced mating capacity and lifespan (:toxicity) while at 0.1% TCA was ineffective. A similar dose-response relationship was found in young flies treated with TCA for 1 week and then deprived of food and water, a procedure found to induce accelerated physiological aging. TCA at the 0.3% and 0.6% level reduced the speed of development and the size of the enclosed flies. Electron microscopic investigation of wing muscle showed that 0.3% TCA had a protective effect on cellular fine structure. Though in starved controls (40% survivors after 24 hours of starvation) there was a total absence of glycogen granules, and a striking shrinkage and densification of mitochondria, TCA to a large extent protected muscle cells from these effects of starvation.
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PMID:Accelerated aging of fasted Drosophila. Preservation of physiological function and cellular fine structure by thiazolidine carboxylic acid (TCA). 680 80

When Propionibacterium shermanii was cultivated in a medium with glucose under the conditions of nitrogen deficiency, the content of high molecular weight polyphosphates (salt-soluble fraction, alkali-soluble fraction, and fraction extracted with hot perchloric acid) decreased. In contrast, it rose in a medium with lactate within two and three days of starvation. The culture growth stopped after a day under these conditions, the energy substrate was assimilated during the entire process of starvation, and the content of ATP continuously decreased. When ammonium sulfate was added after two and three days of starvation, the intracellular content of polyphosphates (in all of the three fractions) increased in the medium with glucose. If ammonium sulfate was added after three days of starvation in the medium with lactate, the content of polyphosphates rose in the fraction extracted with hot perchloric acid while the content of salt-soluble and alkali-soluble polyphosphates decreased. The culture started to grow again and the content of ATP in its cells rose abruptly when ammonium sulfate was added under these conditions. If the culture was grown in the medium with glucose and ammonium sulfate, the content of acid-insoluble polyphosphates increased twofold during the first day and dropped to the initial level by the third day of growth.
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PMID:[Polyphosphate and ATP content of Propionibacterium shermanii cells in nitrogen starvation]. 717 71

Tetrahymena thermophila cells transferred from growth medium into a dilute salt (starvation) medium shortly (approximately 6-8 hrs) become more resistant to the in vivo inhibitory effects of the antibiotics cycloheximide, tetracycline and emetine. They also be come more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of paromomycin and anisomycin. By comparing ribosomes from growing and starved cells we have found that for at least two of these drugs differences between growing cell and starved cell ribosomes exist with respect to drug-ribosome interactions. In addition, we found that isolated monosomic ribosomes from starved cells are more resistant to thermal denaturation than are monosomic ribosomes from growing cells. The kinetics of all these changes following transfer of growing cells to starvation medium is the same and correlates with a change in the extent of phosphorylation of a single small subunit ribosomal protein. As judged by our in vitro assays, enzymatic removal of this phosphate converts "starved cell" ribosomes into "growing cell" ribosomes. We have extended these studies to show that the phenomenon of drug adaptation in Tetrahymena, at least with respect to cycloheximide, is associated with this ribosome phosphorylation.
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PMID:Regulation of ribosome phosphorylation and antibiotic sensitivity in Tetrahymena thermophila: A correlation. 732 42

Pregnant crossbred sows were assigned to three treatments during the third trimester of gestation for an evaluation of the effects of maternal starvation on fetal development and piglet survival. Two groups of sows were taken off feed (water and trace mineralized salt only) on days 93 and 107 of gestation, respectively; the third group was fed 1.82 kg of complete sow diet/day and served as the control. Litter size, gestation length and pig birth weight in the 7-day and 21-day starvation groups were not different from those in the control group (P less than .05). Liver weight was depressed (P greater than .05) among the 7-day and 21-day progeny. However, liver glycogen concentrations and total liver glycogen were unaffected. Maternal blood glucose decreased to a fasting but steady level, while free fatty acid (FFA) increased in the two starved groups. Blood glucose and FFA at birth were similar for all treatment groups; however, FFA increased in the progeny of sows in the 7-day (P greater than .05) and 21-day (P greater than .01) starvation groups at 48 hr of age. Blood glucose at 48 hr did not vary (P less than .05), but the control progeny showed a faster glucose utilization, suggesting a greater dependence on carbohydrate metabolism than in the progeny of starved dams. Survival rate at 72 hr of age was higher among 21-day (43.8%) and 7-day (37.5%) progeny than among control progeny (8.5%). The increased plasma FFA level observed with fasting in the progeny of starved dams might indicate a shift toward lipid metabolism, which would account for the improved survival observed among the progeny of treated dams.
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PMID:Effects of maternal starvation on some blood metabolites, liver glycogen, birth weight and survival of piglets. 734 15

There are many publications on various complications of therapeutic starvation, but only few cases and of renal complications have been described. During starvation two characteristic changes in kidney function occur: a reduction in glomerular filtration rate by about 50% and a decrease in renal uric acid clearance by impairment of tubular uric acid secretion with consequent hyperuricaemia. During fasting ketone bodies compete with uric acid for a common tubular secretion site. The development of some of the renal complications described in the literature so far can be explained bal failure with uric acid nephropathy, renal ischaemia and pre-existing kidney disease have been published. Furthermore reversible salt-losing nephropathies were observed. It is essential in the prophylaxis of renal complications during fasting to ensure that a sufficient fluid intake is maintained and the urinary output is controlled. Before therapeutic starvation is commenced parameters of renal function (urinalysis, blood urea, serum creatine, serum uric acid) must be determined and then monitored at regular intervals. After starvation has commenced the administration of uricosuric agents must be avoided and intravenous pyelography is contraindicated.
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PMID:[Renal function in therapeutic starvation (author's transl)]. 740 47

The activity of haemagglutinins in plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum was measured under different culture conditions. The activity was markedly increased when the plasmodia were incubated in a non-nutrient salt medium. During starvation, significant amounts of haemagglutinins were found in the slime layer on the surface of the plasmodia. An increase in activity was not observed in the presence of actinomycin D or cycloheximide. Under starvation conditions, plasmodia are known to differentiate into either sclerotia (spherules) or fruiting bodies. Acceleration of haemagglutinin synthesis, however, was not always observed during spherulation and fruiting-body formation. Attempts to detect endogenous glycoconjugates that bind to the haemagglutinins were unsuccessful but we found that the haemagglutinins could bind to acidic polysaccharides produced by Escherichia coli K12. The bacterial glycoconjugates were purified and partially characterized. They contained N-acetylhexosamine residues which appeared to be important for binding with the haemagglutinins. It is possible that the haemagglutinins play a physiological role in the interaction with these organisms.
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PMID:Physarum polycephalum haemagglutinins: effect of nutrition on synthesis, and their possible role in nature. 749 43


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