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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The 40th annual report of the UN Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) states that about 7 million of the 14 million children who die throughout the world each year could be saved by modern methods of health care and food supply. UNICEF's executive director James Grant points out that 40 years ago little international attention was given to mass death from starvation, but today any such crisis attracts the mass media, and people and governments act to avoid mass death. Undernourishment and epidemics continue to threaten the world's children and more than 280,000 children die from these causes each week. Even with the crises of the past two years in Africa there have been more deaths among children in India and Pakistan than in all of Africa's 46 countries together. Existing knowledge on cheap methods of improving the health of children in underdeveloped countries is sufficient to save at least 7 million children's lives each year. Many millions more could have a normal growth with better information on replacements on mother's milk, vaccinations and access to supplies of water, sugar, and salt for oral rehydration therapy. Just as important are the new technologies of the communications revolution which is taking place in underdeveloped countries. Most homes have a radio, and televisions are available in most villages and in many small communities there are schools and health workers.
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PMID:[Children's health. 40. Unacceptable that 14 million children die every year]. 342 27

Microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum differentiate into spherules when the CaCl2 concentration of their nutrient medium is increased to 54mM (high-calcium). The salts starvation medium routinely used to induce differentiation contains 8mM CaCl2. This medium will not induce spherulation in the absence of a calcium salt; no other metal is essential. High-calcium also induces the spherulation of a strain of Physarum that had not been previously observed to spherulate. The striking increase in superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) and the decrease in glutathione concentration (GSH) that are characteristic of salts-induced spherulation do not occur in salts media containing high-calcium. In the absence of calcium, no significant change in SOD is observed and very little change in GSH occurs. The immediate effect of the oxidative stress associated with spherulation may be the release of calcium stores into the cytosol. The parameters modulating this stress are, in turn, sensitive to exogenous calcium concentrations.
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PMID:Superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione concentration during the calcium-induced differentiation of Physarum polycephalum microplasmodia. 366 5

A study was made of water and salt balance during a 28 h period of starvation in lactating and anoestral goats. Food deprivation caused diminished water intake in all but one animal, and the secretion of urine and milk gradually decreased. The plasma volume and the glomerular filtration rate were reduced, the plasma Na concentration lowered, and the plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration raised during starvation. After 28 h without food the goats were given a load of water or saline into the rumen. The fall in the plasma protein concentration that occurred indicates that the plasma volume increased in all animals within 4 h of receiving saline, but was unchanged after the water load. The plasma Na concentration decreased further after the water load, but increased in all animals after the saline load. The plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration remained elevated after the intraruminal water load, but fell towards basic values after the saline load. The renal Na excretion decreased during food deprivation, and showed no increase within 4 h of saline loading. It appears that only the load of saline restored the salt and water homoeostasis of the animal. Lactating and anoestral goats do not apparently differ in their response to starvation. The effects of starvation on fluid balance seem to become as severe in goats as in monogastric species despite food reservoirs in the reticulo-rumen and omasum at the onset of food deprivation.
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PMID:Fluid balance during food deprivation and after intraruminal loads of water or isotonic saline in lactating and anoestral goats. 371 60

In most types of experimentally induced cataracts, glutathione (GSH) content decreases considerably before the onset of opacity. GSH may provide a protective function for protein SH groups by scavenging oxidative products that may impair lens metabolism. To avoid impairment of lens metabolism by decreased levels of GSH it may be possible in vitro: (1) to stimulate GSH synthesis by enrichment of the incubation medium with the amino acids necessary for GSH synthesis or (2) to enrich the incubation medium with the tripeptide itself so that it can be taken up by the lens. Both approaches were investigated with bovine lenses. Lenses were incubated in pairs in a salt solution without carbohydrates, so as to deplete lens of GSH. Following starvation, one lens of each pair was incubated for recovery in TCM 199 enriched with MgSO4 and the three amino acids of GSH; the other lens was put into a freshly prepared salt solution. After 6 h, lenses from the recovery solution contained more GSH than the other lenses. Addition of fructose-1,6-diphosphate to the medium enhanced this effect. When, after starvation, lenses were incubated in the presence of different amounts of GSH, GSH lens content rose, with the highest in those lenses incubated in a medium with a final molarity of 4 X 10(-3) M GSH. Therefore, incubation of lenses depleted of GSH in medium with either the amino acids of GSH or GSH itself appear to facilitate recovery of GSH content.
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PMID:Is it possible to maintain a normal glutathione level in lenses in vitro? 397 34

Axenic Tetrahymena pyriformis, syngen 1, mating type II cells were grown in Cox's defined medium. When washed and transferred into nonnutrient dilute salt solution or resuspended in the defined medium, the intact cells secrete acid hydrolases into the medium. Cells starving in the salt solution release in 5 hr about two-thirds of their beta-glucosidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, alpha-glucosidase, and amylase activities, about one-third of their deoxyribonuclease and phosphatase activities, smaller amounts of ribonuclease, and only a negligible fraction of their proteinase activity and protein content. During this period there is practically no change in the enzyme activities (except for a sudden increase of ribonuclease activity) and protein content of cells and medium together. Cells resuspended in the nutrient medium secrete enzymes as do the starved cells, but replace this loss, so that there is a continuous increase of the activities in the total system. According to isopycnic centrifugation experiments performed in sucrose gradients, the source of the hydrolases is a special population of lysosomes which disappear from the cells during starvation. This population equilibrates in the high density region of the gradients and contains the various acid hydrolases in about the proportion in which these enzymes appear in the medium.
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PMID:Secretion of acid hydrolases and its intracellular source in Tetrahymena pyriformis. 433 53

Log-phase Tetrahymena were washed and resuspended in a dilute salt solution supplemented with glucose, acetate, pyruvate, or carmine, as desired, and then incubated for 5 h. Intra- and extracellular activities of acid phosphatase, alpha-glucosidase, and ribonuclease were assayed. Extracellular activities were corrected for proteolytic degradation. The three nutritive substrates affected both the amount and pattern of extracellular enzyme release, but carmine had no effect. Intracellular activities declined early in the starvation period, but partially recovered with time, particularly alpha-glucosidase activity. Acetate reduced the decline in acid phosphatase activity; acetate and glucose enhanced the recovery of alpha-glucosidase activity; carmine had no effect on intracellular enzyme activities. Protein content changed little and was unaffected by the addition of substrates. Glycogen content increased during incubation; acetate and glucose enhanced the increase.
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PMID:Lysosomal physiology in Tetrahymena. I. Effect of glucose, acetate, pyruvate, and carmine on intracellular content and extracellular release of three acid hydrolases. 463 42

The possible role in pinocytosis of coated pits at the parasomal sacs of Tetrahymena has been studied using cationized ferritin (CF; pI = 8.5) as a marker of membrane and content. It is shown that CF binds evenly to the surface, including the coated pits, of Tetrahymena in an inorganic salt medium (to avoid formation of food vacuoles) at the normal growth temperature. Moreover, CF is internalized by coated vesicles (shown to be truly free by thin serial-section analysis) and delivered initially (1-5 min of incubation) to cisterna near the cell surface. Later (5-10 min) CF occurs also in autophagic vacuoles, formed as a result of starvation, and eventually (15-90 min) it is present in preformed (old) food vacuoles. These observations indicate that the coated pits at the parasomal sacs of Tetrahymena function in adsorptive pinocytosis in much the same manner as coated pits at the surface of mammalian cells.
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PMID:Coated pits with pinocytosis in Tetrahymena. 613 61

Unbalanced growth induced by depletion of manganese ions was a prerequisite for production of ribonucleotides in a high salt mineral medium with the wildtype strain Brevibacterium ammoniagenes ATCC 6872. The concentration of manganese strictly controlled the overall deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, whereas ribonucleic acid (RNA), protein and cell wall synthesis remained essentially unimpaired in the manganese-lacking cells. The reversibility of inhibition of overall DNA synthesis was shown by enhanced incorporation (up to threefold compared to the cultures supplied with sufficient manganese) of [8-14C] adenine into alkali-stable, trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material after subsequent addition of 10 microM MnCl2 to 15 h-old depleted cultures. The results of inhibitor studies on the restoration of overall DNA synthesis due to subsequent addition of manganese ions to depleted cultures suggest that ribonucleotide reduction is the primary target of the manganese starvation during nucleotide fermentation with Brevibacterium ammoniagenes ATCC 6872.
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PMID:Parameters of unbalanced growth and reversible inhibition of deoxyribnucleic acid synthesis in Brevibacterium ammoniagenes ATCC 6872 induced by depletion of Mn2+. Inhibitor studies on the reversibility of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. 615 25

Liver and skeletal muscle development and changes in body composition were studied in pigs from cross-bred sows subjected to starvation (allowed water and trace mineral salt) during the third trimester of gestation. Two groups of sows were taken off feed on days 93 (21-day) and 107 (7-day) of gestation respectively; a third group fed 1.82 kg of diet per day served as control. The pigs sacrificed at birth, were used to determine liver and skeletal muscle DNA, RNA and protein and body composition. There were no significant differences (P greater than .05) in body weight between the treated groups and the control. Liver weight was depressed in the progeny of 21-day and 7-day starvation groups (P less than .05). Liver cellular DNA was decreased (P less than .05) in the treated animals, RNA and protein content remained unchanged. The skeletal muscles studied responded differently to the treatment imposed; semitendinosus muscle weight, muscle DNA and RNA did not differ among treatments; whereas, gastrocnemius muscle weight, muscle DNA and RNA were significantly lower in the progeny of treated sows (P less than .05, P less than .01 and P less than .05 respectively). Muscle and liver protein content, RNA/DNA, and protein/DNA ratios were not affected by treatments. Body composition analysis showed no differences in per cent dry matter, lipid, ash and protein content. The results suggest that liver and gastrocnemius muscles were adversely affected by prenatal nutritional deficiency imposed while semitendinosus muscles remained unchanged. The differential response of skeletal muscles to prenatal nutritional deficiency indicated a need to study more than a single muscle in similar experiments designed to investigate muscle response. The lack of differences in body composition analysis showed that improved survival of newborn pigs previously reported can be achieved without changes in fetal chemical body composition.
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PMID:Cellular development of liver and skeletal muscles and body composition of pigs from gestationally starved sows. 618 67

Monoclonal antibody against microtubule-associated protein-1 produced intranuclear immunofluorescent spots, which disappeared under growth-inhibited conditions caused by serum starvation and saturated cell density in untransformed cells. A change of medium to 10% serum gave rise to the reappearance of nuclear spots before the resumption of DNA synthesis. This reversible change of immunofluorescence was also caused by a temperature shift in rat 3Y1 cells transformed by Simian virus-40-A640 (temperature-sensitive in large T-antigen). The fluorescence decreased during S phase of the cell cycle. In contrast the transformed cells always showed nuclear fluorescence, irrespective of serum concentrations or the cell cycle. Growth-inhibited cells previously treated with detergent and salt revealed nuclear fluorescent spots. This result suggested antigenic modification.
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PMID:Nuclear immunofluorescence by a monoclonal antibody against microtubule-associated protein-1 as it is associated with cell proliferation and transformation. 638 97


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