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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have examined the interconversion of cortisone (E) and cortisol (F) in rat lung homogenate and microsomal fraction and in the isolated rat lung perfused with Krebs bicarbonate solution containing 4.5% albumin. In the perfused lung the apparent Km was 5.1 microM E and the Vmax was 9 nmol . g(-1) . min-1. The ability of the lung to reduce E to F was enhanced both by 7 days prior exposure of the rat to an ambient temperature of 2 degrees C and by starvation of the rat for 3 days. The activity was inhibited by adrenalectomy and castration of 7 days duration. Whereas little steroid oxidation occurred in the perfused lung, preparations of lung homogenates and microsomal fraction readily reduced or oxidised the 11-position of the corticoid molecule depending on the preponderance of either NADPH or NADP, respectively. We conclude, that the predominance of the reductive reaction in the whole rat lung under physiological conditions reflects the very active pentose-phosphate shunt in the lung, which produces NADPH. We suggest that this ability of the lung to activate E to F may exert a fine control over the arterial concentration of unbound, physiologically active, 11-hydroxylated steroid.
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PMID:The physiological significance of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the rat lung. 695 69

A glucose-negative mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, the second enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, has been obtained by inositol starvation. Suppression of this mutant for growth on glucose takes place by the loss of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. A lesion in the latter enzyme alone leaves growth practically unaffected. The mutations define the respective structural genes.
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PMID:Pentose phosphate pathway mutants of yeast. 704 91

The effects of glycerol on plant cell metabolism were studied with sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) cells using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. After a long period of sucrose starvation, the addition of 50 mM glycerol to the medium did not restore the original glucose-6-P pool and led to a rapid accumulation of sn-glycerol-3-P in the cytoplasmic compartment. The synthesis of sn-glycerol-3-P was rapid and occurred first at the expense of cytoplasmic P(i). Accumulated sn-glycerol-3-P competitively inhibited glucose-6-phosphate isomerase activity when fructose-6-P was the varied substrate. Such a situation prevented the rapid recycling of triose phosphates back to hexose phosphates and led to an arrest of the functioning of the cytosolic and plastidial pentose phosphate pathways. Under these conditions, the flow of carbon to drive cell respiration derived almost exclusively from glycerol, and this polyalcohol was not used as a source of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis. Glycerol also induced the accumulation of O-phosphohomoserine in the cytoplasmic compartment as long as the cell culture medium contained sucrose. Finally glycerol added to sucrose-starved cells stopped the accumulation of phosphocholine (Roby, C., Martin J.-B., Bligny, R., and Douce, R. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 5000-5007) and prevented a further decline in the uncoupled rate of O2 consumption by the cells (Journet, E. P., Bligny, R., and Douce, R. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 3193-3199). These last observations strongly suggest that glycerol prevented the triggering of autophagy induced by sucrose starvation in sycamore cells.
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PMID:Multiple effects of glycerol on plant cell metabolism. Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance studies. 806 74

The fate of [3-13C]alanine administered to last instar larvae of an insect Manduca sexta was investigated in vivo by 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Following injection of the isotopically substituted substrate and conversion to [3-13C]pyruvate 13C was principally incorporated into C2, C3 and C4 of glutamate and glutamine in unparasitized ad libitum-fed larvae, insects starved 48 hr prior to injection and larvae parasitized by the insect parasite Cotesia congregata. Selective labeling at C2 and C3 of glutamate/glutamine resulted from carboxylation of [3-13C]pyruvate to [2,3-13C]oxaloacetate catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase, randomization of the label in fumarate, and synthesis of glutamate and glutamine after condensation with acetyl CoA to [2 proR,3-13C]citrate. In contrast, enrichment at C4 of glutamate and glutamine resulted from oxidation [3-13C]pyruvate to [2-13C]acetyl CoA catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase followed by condensation with oxaloacetate. The ratio of enrichment (C2 + C3): C4 provided a measure of the relative contributions of the pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase catalyzed pathways of substrate utilization by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The mean ratio was 0.6 and 0.7 in control and parasitized larvae, respectively, and 2.4 in starved insects. The latter result demonstrated that substrate utilization by the TCA cycle was markedly altered by starvation. In addition, the rate of labeled alanine metabolism was significantly reduced by starvation. The concentrations of glutamate and glutamine in the blood (hemolymph) were similar in all three groups of insects. No evidence for gluconeogenesis was observed in any group. Starved larvae incorporated label into C6 of glucose and trehalose but no complementary enrichment at C1 was observed. This result was consistent with the activity of the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway during which labeled glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate arising from [3-13C]alanine reacts with sedoheptulose-7-phosphate yielding erythrose-4-phosphate and [6-13C]fructose-6-phosphate catalyzed by transaldolase. Specifically labeled fructose-6-phosphate then gives rise to glucose and trehalose labeled at C6. Preliminary analysis of the hemolymph of starved insects indicated the presence of several hexose phosphates labeled at C6. The hemolymph level of trehalose was significantly reduced in both starved and parasitized insects. Lipogenesis from [3-13C]alanine was evident in unparasitized control larvae but was absent in parasitized and starved insects. The pattern of labeling in fatty acid was consistent with de novo pathway utilizing [2-13C]acetyl CoA derived by oxidation of [3-13C]alanine.
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PMID:Metabolic fate of alanine in an insect Manduca sexta: effects of starvation and parasitism. 810 Jul 13

The influence of D-ribose as a cosubstrate on the uptake and metabolism of the non-growth substrate D-xylose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 26602 was investigated. Xylose was taken up by means of low- and high-affinity glucose transport systems. In cells exposed for 2 days to a mixture of xylose and ribose, only the high-affinity system could be detected. Glucose strongly inhibited the transport of xylose by both systems. Starvation or exposure to either xylose or ribose resulted in inactivation of xylose transport, which did not occur in the presence of a mixture of ribose and xylose. A constitutive non-glucose-repressible NADPH2-dependent xylose reductase with a specific activity of ca. 5 mU/mg of protein that converted xylose to xylitol was present in a glucose-grown culture. No activity converting xylitol to xylulose or vice versa was found in crude extracts. Both xylose and ribose were converted to their corresponding polyols, xylitol and ribitol, as indicated by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Furthermore, ethanol was detected, and this implied that pathways for the complete catabolism of xylose and ribose exist. However, the NADPH2 required for the conversion of xylose to xylitol is apparently not supplied by the pentose phosphate pathway since the ethanol produced from D-[1-13C]xylose was labelled only in the C-2 position. Acetic acid was produced from ribose and may assist in the conversion of xylose to xylitol by cycling NADPH2.
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PMID:Role of D-ribose as a cometabolite in D-xylose metabolism by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 851 43

Gluconeogenesis from isotopically substituted (3-13C)alanine (Ala) was demonstrated in the last larval instar of an insect, Manduca sexta, when maintained on low carbohydrate diets. 13C was incorporated into all carbons of the blood sugar trehalose (Tre), but enrichments of C1 and C6, and C2 and C5 were greatest. Relative to the amount of [3-13C]Ala metabolized, larvae maintained on a low carbohydrate diet supplemented with casein displayed the greatest enrichment of Tre. Very little de novo synthesis of Tre was observed in larvae maintained on a complete-balanced diet containing calorically equivalent amounts of sucrose and casein. Starvation failed to induce gluconeogenesis and 13C was not incorporated into Tre in starved insects. Activity of the TCA cycle contributed approximately 10% of the 13C incorporated into Tre in larvae on low carbohydrate diets, while the TCA cycle contribution in larvae on the complete diet approached 70%. The pattern of 13C enrichment of glucose in larvae on the low carbohydrate diets indicated that cytoplasmic carboxylation, possibly due to 'malic enzyme'-like activity, contributed significantly to the synthesis of Tre. The pentose phosphate pathway was evidenced in insects on all diets. Glucose labelling ratios indicated a pentose cycling flux of 10 to 20% in insects on the low carbohydrate diets and 50% in larvae on the complete diet. Glutamine together with lesser amounts of glutamate and glutathione were also products of the labelled Ala. The distribution of label in these products under different dietary conditions demonstrated shifts in the relative contribution of pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase activities for providing substrate to the TCA cycle. In the expected fashion starved insects and insects on the low carbohydrate diets incorporated a greater proportion of 13C into the TCA cycle via carboxylation while incorporation by the two pathways was similar in insects on the complete diet. The significance of these findings with regard to the regulation of gluconeogenesis in M. sexta and comparison of the present results with those obtained from studies of hepatic gluconeogenesis are discussed.
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PMID:Gluconeogenesis and effect of nutritional status on TCA cycle activity in the insect Manduca sexta. 854 15

A method is described for analysis of the intracellular concentrations of metabolic intermediates of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in cell pool extracts of Escherichia coli. A single anion-exchange HPLC run of 40 min allowed resolution of 27 anionic metabolite standards. Detection limits of 0.1 nmol per injection were achieved by use of a conductivity detector equipped with an anion self-regenerating suppressor and a uv detector. A boiling water extraction procedure was used to prepare cell pool extracts. Cochromatography of cell pool extracts and metabolite standards was used to confirm the identities of metabolites in the cell pool. As many as 16 metabolites could be detected and quantified in the cell pool extracts by using the described HPLC method. An analysis of metabolite concentrations in E. coli showed the dynamics of glucose metabolism during a 2-min transition from starvation to steady-state metabolism following addition of glucose. The ease and power of this method suggests general utility for in vivo metabolite analysis in a variety of experimental systems.
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PMID:Single-run separation and detection of multiple metabolic intermediates by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography and application to cell pool extracts prepared from Escherichia coli. 860 Aug 40

Twenty-three of the most prominent spots which are visible on two-dimensional (2-D) protein gels of Bacillus subtilis crude extracts were selected as marker spots for the construction of a 2-D protein index. N-terminal sequencing of the corresponding proteins resulted in the identification of enzymes involved in glycolysis, TCA cycle, pentose phosphate cycle, amino acid metabolism, nucleotide biosynthesis and translation. Using computer analysis of the 2-D protein gels, most of these metabolic enzymes were found to be synthesized at a reduced rate after different stresses and glucose starvation. Such an approach permits a rapid and global evaluation of the regulation of different branches of metabolism in response to various physiological conditions.
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PMID:Identification of vegetative proteins for a two-dimensional protein index of Bacillus subtilis. 908 83

Data on the identification of proteins of Bacillus subtilis on two-dimensional (2-D) gels as well as their regulation are summarized and the identification of 56 protein spots is included. The pattern of proteins synthesized in Bacillus subtilis during exponential growth, during starvation for glucose or phosphate, or after the imposition of stresses like heat shock, salt- and ethanol stress as well as oxidative stress was analyzed. N-terminal sequencing of protein spots allowed the identification of 93 proteins on 2-D gels, which are required for the synthesis of amino acids and nucleotides, the generation of ATP, for glycolyses, the pentose phosphate cycle, the citric acid cycle as well as for adaptation to a variety of stress conditions. A computer-aided analysis of the 2-D gels was used to monitor the synthesis profile of more than 130 protein spots. Proteins performing housekeeping functions during exponential growth displayed a reduced synthesis rate during stress and starvation, whereas spots induced during stress and starvation were classified as specific stress proteins induced by a single stimulus or a group of related stimuli, or as general stress proteins induced by a variety of entirely different stimuli. The analysis of mutants in global regulators was initiated in order to establish a response regulation map for B. subtilis. These investigations demonstrated that the alternative sigma factor sigma B is involved in the regulation of almost all of the general stress proteins and that the phoPR two-component system is required for the induction of a large part but not all of the proteins induced by phosphate starvation.
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PMID:First steps from a two-dimensional protein index towards a response-regulation map for Bacillus subtilis. 929 59

Transcription of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and malic enzyme (ME) in avian liver is low during starvation or feeding a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet and high during feeding a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet. The role of glucose in the nutritional control of FAS and ME was investigated by determining the effects of this metabolic fuel on expression of FAS and ME in primary cultures of chick embryo hepatocytes. In the presence of triiodothyronine, glucose (25 mM) stimulated an increase in the activity and mRNA abundance of FAS and ME. These effects required the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate but not further metabolism downstream of the aldolase step of the glycolytic pathway. Xylitol mimicked the effects of glucose on FAS and ME expression, suggesting that an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway may be involved in mediating this response. The effects of glucose on the mRNA abundance of FAS and ME were accompanied by similar changes in transcription of FAS and ME. These data support the hypothesis that glucose plays a role in mediating the effects of nutritional manipulation on transcription of FAS and ME in liver.
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PMID:Glucose stimulates transcription of fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme in avian hepatocytes. 953 Jan 33


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