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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sugars in plants, derived from photosynthesis, act as substrates for energy metabolism and the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates, providing sink tissues with the necessary resources to grow and to develop. In addition, sugars can act as secondary messengers, with the ability to regulate plant growth and development in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Sugar-signalling networks have the ability to regulate directly the expression of genes and to interact with other signalling pathways. Photosynthate is primarily transported to sink tissues as sucrose via the phloem. Under phosphorus (P) starvation, plants accumulate sugars and starch in their leaves. Increased loading of sucrose to the phloem under P starvation not only functions to relocate carbon resources to the roots, which increases their size relative to the shoot, but also has the potential to initiate sugar-signalling cascades that alter the expression of genes involved in optimizing root biochemistry to acquire soil phosphorus through increased expression and activity of inorganic phosphate transporters, the secretion of acid phosphatases and organic acids to release P from the soil, and the optimization of internal P use. This review looks at the evidence for the involvement of phloem sucrose in co-ordinating plant responses to P starvation at both the transcriptional and physiological levels.
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PMID:Sucrose transport in the phloem: integrating root responses to phosphorus starvation. 1821 31

Cluster root (CR) formation contributes much to the adaptation to phosphorus (P) deficiency. CR formation by white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is affected by the P-limiting level in shoots, but not in roots. Thus, shoot-derived signals have been expected to transmit the message of P-deficiency to stimulate CR formation. In this study, it is shown that sugars are required for a response to P starvation including CR formation and the expression of P starvation-induced genes. White lupin plants were grown in vitro on P-sufficient or P-deficient media supplemented with sucrose for 4 weeks. Sucrose supply stimulated CR formation in plants on both P-sufficient and P-deficient media, but no CR appeared on the P-sufficient medium without sucrose. Glucose and fructose also stimulated CR formation on the P-sufficient medium. On the medium with sucrose, a high concentration of inorganic phosphate in leaves did not suppress CR formation. Because sorbitol or organic acid in the media did not stimulate CR formation, the sucrose effect was not due to increased osmotic pressure or enriched energy source, that is, sucrose acted as a signal. Gene transcription induced by P starvation, LaPT1 and LaPEPC3, was magnified by the combination of P limitation and sucrose feeding, and that of LaSAP was stimulated by sucrose supply independently of P supply. These results suggest that at least two sugar-signalling mediating systems control P starvation responses in white lupin roots. One system regulates CR formation and LaSAP expression, which acts even when P is sufficient if roots receive sugar as a signal. The other system controls LaPT1 and LaPEPC3 expression, which acts when P is insufficient.
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PMID:Sugar signalling mediates cluster root formation and phosphorus starvation-induced gene expression in white lupin. 1848 37

Sugar transporters are central machineries to mediate cross-membrane transport of sugars into the cells, and sugar availability may serve as a signal to regulate the sugar transporters. However, the mechanisms of sugar transport regulation by signal sugar availability remain unclear in plant and animal cells. Here, we report that a sucrose transporter, MdSUT1, and a sorbitol transporter, MdSOT6, both localized to plasma membrane, were identified from apple (Malus domestica) fruit. Using a combination of the split-ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid, immunocoprecipitation, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, the two distinct sugar transporters were shown to interact physically with an apple endoplasmic reticulum-anchored cytochrome b5 MdCYB5 in vitro and in vivo. In the yeast systems, the two different interaction complexes function to up-regulate the affinity of the sugar transporters, allowing cells to adapt to sugar starvation. An Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) homolog of MdCYB5, AtCYB5-A, also interacts with the two sugar transporters and functions similarly. The point mutations leucine-73 --> proline in MdSUT1 and leucine-117 --> proline in MdSOT6, disrupting the bimolecular interactions but without significantly affecting the transporter activities, abolish the stimulating effects of the sugar transporter-cytochrome b5 complex on the affinity of the sugar transporters. However, the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cytochrome b5 ScCYB5, an additional interacting partner of the two plant sugar transporters, has no function in the regulation of the sugar transporters, indicating that the observed biological functions in the yeast systems are specific to plant cytochrome b5s. These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which the plant cells tailor sugar uptake to the surrounding sugar availability.
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PMID:Apple sucrose transporter SUT1 and sorbitol transporter SOT6 interact with cytochrome b5 to regulate their affinity for substrate sugars. 1950 55

The modifying effect of sucrose on glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity and isoenzyme pattern was investigated in isolated embryos of lupine (Lupinus luteus L.), cultured in vitro in a medium with sucrose (+S) or without sucrose (-S) and exposed to cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) stress. Sucrose starvation of lupine embryos led to a rapid increase in the specific activity of GDH, immunoreactive beta-polypeptide and it was accompanied by appearance of new cathodal isoforms of enzyme. This suggests that isoenzymes induced in lupine embryos by sucrose starvation combine into GDH hexamers with the predominance of beta-GDH subunits synthetized under GDH1 gene control. The addition of sucrose to the medium caused an opposite effect. Along with upregulation of catabolic activity of GDH by sucrose starvation, activity of proteolytic enzymes was also induced. These data can point to regulatory mechanism implying a sucrose dependent repression of the GDH1 gene according to the mechanism of catabolic repression. Treatment of embryos with Cd(2+) or Pb(2+) resulted in ammonium accumulation in the tissues, accompanied by an increase in anabolic activity of GDH and activity of anodal isoenzymes, in both (+S) and (-S) embryos without new de novo synthesis of alpha subunit proteins. Thus, GDH isoenzyme profiles may reflect the physiological function of GDH, which appears to be an important link of metabolic adaptation in cells, aimed at using carbon sources other than sugar during carbohydrate starvation (catabolic activity of GDH) and protecting plant tissues against ammonium accumulated because of heavy metal stress (anabolic activity of GDH).
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PMID:Stress-induced changes in glutamate dehydrogenase activity imply its role in adaptation to C and N metabolism in lupine embryos. 1984 40

The effects of dark-induced stress on the evolution of the soluble metabolites present in senescent soybean (Glycine max L.) nodules were analysed in vitro using (13)C- and (31)P-NMR spectroscopy. Sucrose and trehalose were the predominant soluble storage carbons. During dark-induced stress, a decline in sugars and some key glycolytic metabolites was observed. Whereas 84% of the sucrose disappeared, only one-half of the trehalose was utilised. This decline coincides with the depletion of Gln, Asn, Ala and with an accumulation of ureides, which reflect a huge reduction of the N(2) fixation. Concomitantly, phosphodiesters and compounds like P-choline, a good marker of membrane phospholipids hydrolysis and cell autophagy, accumulated in the nodules. An autophagic process was confirmed by the decrease in cell fatty acid content. In addition, a slight increase in unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acids) was observed, probably as a response to peroxidation reactions. Electron microscopy analysis revealed that, despite membranes dismantling, most of the bacteroids seem to be structurally intact. Taken together, our results show that the carbohydrate starvation induced in soybean by dark stress triggers a profound metabolic and structural rearrangement in the infected cells of soybean nodule which is representative of symbiotic cessation.
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PMID:Metabolic and structural rearrangement during dark-induced autophagy in soybean (Glycine max L.) nodules: an electron microscopy and 31P and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance study. 2035 22

Sugar catabolic genes are induced during nitrogen starvation in a cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, but the underlying regulatory mechanism still remains to be completely characterized. In this study, we showed by molecular genetics and transcriptome analyses that a response regulator Rre37 (encoded by sll1330), whose expression is enhanced by nitrogen depletion under the control of NtcA, activates transcript accumulation of sugar catabolic genes, such as gap1, pfkA (sll1196), glgP (slr1367) and glgX (slr1857), mainly during nitrogen starvation. Previously, we reported that a group-2 sigma factor SigE also positively regulates sugar catabolic genes in this strain. Phenotypic analyses using a single or double mutant lacking rre37 and/or sigE indicated that both SigE and Rre37 positively regulate sugar catabolic genes independently. These findings substantiated a regulatory network of sugar catabolic genes in this cyanobacterium.
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PMID:A response regulator Rre37 and an RNA polymerase sigma factor SigE represent two parallel pathways to activate sugar catabolism in a cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. 2121 48

Sugar responsiveness of genes for both paths of sucrose metabolism could provide a mechanism not only for transcriptional regulation of the first step in the use of imported carbon, but also for altering signals to the sugar-sensing system. This hypothesis was examined by comparison of (1) sugar regulation among maize genes for sucrose synthase and invertase, (2) their contrasting patterns of tissue expression, and (3) their influence on production of effectors for other sugar-responsive genes. Cloning and characterization of the Ivr1 and Ivr2 invertase genes of maize indicated that these genes belong to distinct subfamilies of the maize soluble invertase gene family. In addition, maize invertases can be grouped with the sucrose synthases (Sh1 and Sus1) on the basis of shared patterns of differential sugar-responsiveness and tissue-specific expression. Extension of this comparison to include genes for sucrose metabolism from other species revealed a more widespread association between starvation-tolerant expression and restricted patterns of tissue distribution. Consideration of current models for plant sugar-sensing systems and transport pathways suggested that the site and mechanism of sucrose cleavage in the cell could affect the magnitude and type of signal generated.
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PMID:Sugar and metabolic regulation of genes for sucrose metabolism: potential influence of maize sucrose synthase and soluble invertase responses on carbon partitioning and sugar sensing. 2124 46

Plants respond to phosphate (Pi) starvation by exhibiting a suite of developmental, biochemical, and physiological changes to cope with this nutritional stress. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying these responses, we isolated an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant, hypersensitive to phosphate starvation1 (hps1), which has enhanced sensitivity in almost all aspects of plant responses to Pi starvation. Molecular and genetic analyses indicated that the mutant phenotype is caused by overexpression of the SUCROSE TRANSPORTER2 (SUC2) gene. As a consequence, hps1 has a high level of sucrose (Suc) in both its shoot and root tissues. Overexpression of SUC2 or its closely related family members SUC1 and SUC5 in wild-type plants recapitulates the phenotype of hps1. In contrast, the disruption of SUC2 functions greatly inhibits plant responses to Pi starvation. Microarray analysis further indicated that 73% of the genes that are induced by Pi starvation in wild-type plants can be induced by elevated levels of Suc in hps1 mutants, even when they are grown under Pi-sufficient conditions. These genes include several important Pi signaling components and those that are directly involved in Pi transport, mobilization, and distribution between shoot and root. Interestingly, Suc and low-Pi signals appear to interact with each other both synergistically and antagonistically in regulating gene expression. Our genetic and genomic studies provide compelling evidence that Suc is a global regulator of plant responses to Pi starvation. This finding will help to further elucidate the signaling mechanism that controls plant responses to this particular nutritional stress.
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PMID:Genetic and genomic evidence that sucrose is a global regulator of plant responses to phosphate starvation in Arabidopsis. 2134 70

Little is known about genes that control growth and development under low carbon (C) availability. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) EXORDIUM-LIKE1 (EXL1) gene (At1g35140) was identified as a brassinosteroid-regulated gene in a previous study. We show here that the EXL1 protein is required for adaptation to C- and energy-limiting growth conditions. In-depth analysis of EXL1 transcript levels under various environmental conditions indicated that EXL1 expression is controlled by the C and energy status. Sugar starvation, extended night, and anoxia stress induced EXL1 gene expression. The C status also determined EXL1 protein levels. These results suggested that EXL1 is involved in the C-starvation response. Phenotypic changes of an exl1 loss-of-function mutant became evident only under corresponding experimental conditions. The mutant showed diminished biomass production in a short-day/low-light growth regime, impaired survival during extended night, and impaired survival of anoxia stress. Basic metabolic processes and signaling pathways are presumed to be barely impaired in exl1, because the mutant showed wild-type levels of major sugars, and transcript levels of only a few genes such as QUA-QUINE STARCH were altered. Our data suggest that EXL1 is part of a regulatory pathway that controls growth and development when C and energy supply is poor.
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PMID:EXORDIUM-LIKE1 promotes growth during low carbon availability in Arabidopsis. 2154 28

Photosynthetic responses, the non-structural carbohydrate pool and its alterations, and the acid invertase activity under different environmental conditions in the fructan synthesising Porella platyphylla and Sphagnum flexuosum are discussed. Sucrose and fructan are the major soluble carbohydrates in both species. TLC showed that fructans form a homologous series of increasing DP in a similar manner to fructans in Angiosperms and belong to the inulin type. Exogenous sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose) applied in light and dark resulted in down-regulation of photosynthetic activity, but a long period (1 week) of dark starvation did not cause a significant decrease in the photosynthetic capacity. Light and exogenous sugars increased soluble carbohydrate content due to fructan-accumulation. Dark starvation, desiccation and low temperature did not influence significantly the amount of the total soluble carbohydrates, indicating the existence of a well-buffered carbohydrate pool, although changes in the ratio of fructans of different molecular weight can be detected. Alterations in the activity of acid invertase correlated well with the changes of the amount of the main soluble carbohydrates, showing the role of the enzyme in general carbohydrate and fructan metabolism.
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PMID:Photosynthetic responses, carbohydrate composition and invertase activity in fructan accumulating bryophytes (Porella platyphylla and Sphagnum flexuosum) under different environmental conditions (carbohydrate treatments, dark starvation, low temperature, desiccation). 2156 70


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