Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

THE COMPOSITION OF ISOLATED NUCLEI AND CELL PREPARATIONS FROM TISSUES OF CALF, BEEF, HORSE, AND FOWL WAS STUDIED WITH RESPECT TO THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS: 1. Liver and kidney arginase, catalase, and uricase; pancreatic lipase and amylase; cardiac muscle myoglobin; erythrocyte hemoglobin; intestinal alkaline phospharase. These are referred to as "special" components in view of their characteristically restricted distribution reflecting the differentiated nature of the tissues in question. 2. Esterase, beta-glucuronidase, alkaline and nucleotide phosphatases, adenosine deaminase, guanase, and nucleoside phosphorylase. These are enzymes of general distribution. The differences in nuclear composition noted with respect to the "special" components, together with the broad variability in nuclear activity found for enzymes of general distribution, led to the conclusion that nuclei are differentiated structures. The following distribution was observed: 1. "Special" components: Hemoglobin was found to be present in fowl and goose erythrocyte nuclei, but myoglobin was entirely absent from heart muscle nuclei; of the special enzymes listed, only catalase and arginase appeared to be concentrated in some of the nuclei. There was no significant nuclear concentration of lipase, amylase, uricase, or alkaline phosphatase. No simple relationship was found between the concentration of a special enzyme in a tissue and its activity in the corresponding nuclei. For example, arginase activity, which is high in mammalian liver and in fowl kidney, was found in liver, not kidney, nuclei. Similarly, catalase activity was demonstrated only in mammalian liver nuclei, although, in mammals, both liver and kidney are rich sources of this enzyme. 2. Enzymes of general distribution fell into three classes: (a) Those present in low concentrations, if at all, in the nuclei-alkaline phosphatase, the nucleotide phosphatases) and beta-glucuronidase. (b) Those present in nuclei in varying concentrations-esterase. (c) Those present in high proportions in most nuclei-adenosine deaminase, nucleoside phosphorylase, and guanase. The exceptionally low nuclear activity of intestinal mucosa with respect to these enzymes was discussed in relation to physiological considerations. The response of nuclei to changes in physiological state was demonstrated by experiments on starvation. The outstanding aspect of this response was a change in nuclear enzymatic activity opposing that observed in the cytoplasm. A comparison of fetal and adult mucosa cells led to the following tentative interpretation of the observed intracellular enzyme distribution: In cells tending to moribundity, as in those subjected to starvation, relative nuclear enzymatic activity falls. The occurrence of special enzymes in nuclei was considered in terms of differentiation, and the high nuclear concentration of the nucleoside-specific enzymes was interpreted in terms of general nuclear metabolic activity.
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PMID:Some enzymes of isolated nuclei. 1489 35

Productivity of three different promoters at various cell cycle stages and under two distinct growth conditions was examined in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Under the Growth Arrest and DNA Damage inducible GADD153 promoter, productivity of the short half-live variant of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (d2EGFP) and the secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) was highest at the G1 phase of the cell cycle and at serum starvation, while under the cytomegalovirus (CMV) or the simian virus SV40 promoter, productivity was highest at S-phase and in complete medium. These results indicate the utility of the GADD153 promoter for production purposes under protein-free conditions.
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PMID:Enhanced productivity of G1 phase Chinese hamster ovary cells using the GADD153 promoter. 1500 54

The RNA polymerase core associated with sigma(S) transcribes many genes related to stress or to the stationary phase. When cells enter a phase of phosphate starvation, the transcription of several genes and operons, collectively known as the PHO regulon, is strongly induced. The promoters of the PHO genes hitherto analysed are recognized by sigma(D)-associated RNA polymerase. A mutation in the gene that encodes sigma(S), rpoS, significantly increases the level of alkaline phosphatase activity and the overproduction of sigma(S) inhibits it. Other PHO genes such as phoE and ugpB are likewise affected by sigma(S). In contrast, pstS, which encodes a periplasmic phosphate-binding protein and is a negative regulator of PHO, is stimulated by sigma(S). The effect of sigma(S) on the PHO genes is at the transcriptional level. It is shown that a cytosine residue at position -13 is important for the positive effect of sigma(S) on pst. The interpretation of these observations is based on the competition between sigma(S) and sigma(D) for the binding to the core RNA polymerase.
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PMID:A differential effect of sigmaS on the expression of the PHO regulon genes of Escherichia coli. 1534 56

Seeds of pea (Pisum sativum L.) were germinated for four days over two sheets of filter paper moistened with H2O (control) and 5 mM Cd(NO3)2 or CuSO4 (treated). The relationship between heavy-metal stress and breakdown of storage compounds was studied. Germination rate and growth of radicle decreased, while the water content in stressed seeds remained around the control values. Cotyledons changed their biochemical constituents: disorders in the contents of micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn), free amino acids and soluble sugars were found. Decline of alpha-amylase activity as well as acid phosphatase were also observed, whereas beta-amylase and alkaline phosphatase ones were not modified by heavy-metal treatments. These results suggest that the inhibition of seed germinations after exposure to cadmium or copper is not the consequence of starvation in water uptake by seed tissues, but may be due to a failure in the reserve mobilization process from cotyledons.
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PMID:[Biochemical changes associated with cadmium and copper stress in germinating pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.)]. 1571 78

Long-term cultures of telomerase-transduced adult human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) may evolve spontaneous genetic changes leading to tumorigenicity in immunodeficient mice (e.g., hMSC-TERT20). We wished to clarify whether this unusual phenotype reflected a rare but dominant subpopulation or if the stem cell origin allowed most cells to behave as cancer stem cells. Cultures of the hMSC-TERT20 strain at population doubling 440 were highly clonogenic (94%). From 110 single-cell clones expanded by 20 population doublings, 6 underwent detailed comparison. Like the parental population, each clone had approximately 1.2 days doubling time with loss of contact inhibition. All retained 1,25-(OH)(2) vitamin D(3)-induced expression of osteoblastic markers: collagen type I, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin. All shared INK4a/ARF gene locus deletion and epigenetic silencing of the DBCCR1 tumor suppressor gene. Despite in vitro commonality, only four of six clones shared the growth kinetics and 100% tumorigenicity of the parental population. In contrast, one clone consistently formed latent tumors and the other established tumors with only 30% penetrance. Changing the in vitro microenvironment to mimic in vivo growth aspects revealed concordant clonal heterogeneity. Latent tumor growth correlated with extracellular matrix entrapment of multicellular spheroids and high procollagen type III expression. Poor tumorigenicity correlated with in vitro serum dependence and high p27(Kip1) expression. Aggressive tumorigenicity correlated with good viability plus capillary morphogenesis on serum starvation and high cyclin D1 expression. Thus, hMSC-TERT20 clones represent cancer stem cells with hierarchical tumorigenicity, providing new models to explore the stem cell hypothesis for cancer.
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PMID:Tumorigenic heterogeneity in cancer stem cells evolved from long-term cultures of telomerase-immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells. 1583 42

Routine laboratory investigations that had been performed at disease assessment on 327 teenage girls with eating disorders and weight loss were analyzed. The laboratory investigations included erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), blood haemoglobin concentration (Hb), white blood cell count (WBC), platelet count, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, serum aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) activity, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) activity, serum albumin concentration, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium (corrected for albumin), inorganic phosphate, creatinine and urea. The results were for ESR, Hb, WBC, platelet count, ALP, ASAT, ALAT, inorganic phosphate, creatinine, urea and HBA1C related to weight and (ongoing) weight loss. The variations of the biochemical measurements were, however, largely within reference ranges, weight and weight changes predicted the biochemical measurements only to a small degree and in individual patients the results of the analyses often suggested normality. These analyses may therefore not be suited to assess the degree of weight loss and starvation in eating disorders. They may, however, be useful for the exclusion of other diseases which could show weight loss and biochemical abnormalities.
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PMID:The significance of routine laboratory analyses in the assessment of teenage girls with eating disorders and weight loss. 1584 99

This study investigated the physiological adaptations to fasting using the farmed blue fox (Alopex lagopus) as a model for the endangered wild arctic fox. Sixteen blue foxes were fed throughout the winter and 32 blue foxes were fasted for 22 d in Nov-Dec 2002. Half of the fasted blue foxes were food-deprived again for 22 d in Jan-Feb 2003. The farmed blue fox lost weight at a slower rate (0.97-1.02% body mass d(-1)) than observed previously in the arctic fox, possibly due to its higher initial body fat content. The animals experienced occasional fasting-induced hypoglycaemia, but their locomotor activity was not affected. The plasma triacylglycerol and glycerol concentrations were elevated during phase II of fasting indicating stimulated lipolysis, probably induced by the high growth hormone concentrations. The total cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, urea, uric acid and total protein levels and the urea:creatinine ratio decreased during fasting. Although the plasma levels of some essential amino acids increased, the blue foxes did not enter phase III of starvation characterized by stimulated proteolysis during either of the 22-d fasting procedures. Instead of excessive protein catabolism, it is liver dysfunction, indicated by the increased plasma bilirubin levels and alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, that may limit the duration of fasting in the species.
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PMID:Physiological adaptations to fasting in an actively wintering canid, the Arctic blue fox (Alopex lagopus). 1635 68

Nostoc muscorum and Spirulina platensis were grown under phosphate deficiency in order to investigate the role of internal phosphate pool and activity of alkaline phosphatase on poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) accumulation. PHB accumulation in N. muscorum increased to 22.7% of dry weight (dw) after 4 day of phosphate deficiency, while the internal phosphate pool reduced to the level of 0.02 microM mg dw(-1) at a maximum APase activity of 2.57nM PNP mg dw(-1) h(-1). In contrary, S. platensis depicted maxima of 1.39nM PNP mg dw(-1) h(-1) on day 30 of incubation, which was about 2 fold lower than the observed value of N. muscorum. PHB content in S. platensis remained low even after prolonged phosphate starvation, and a rise only up to 3.5% of dw was recorded on day 60 of phosphate deficiency. Supplementation of NADPH exogenously to S. platensis cultures grown under phosphate deficiency favoured PHB accumulation in 10, 20 and 30 days old cultures, but not in the cultures grown under phosphate deficiency for 60 days. The possible role of phosphate limitation on PHB accumulation is discussed.
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PMID:Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate accumulation in Nostoc muscorum and Spirulina platensis under phosphate limitation. 1642 56

Using a DNA macroarray, we investigated the effects of rmf gene (encoding ribosome modulation factor) disruption on gene expression profiles in Escherichia coli. This strain showed a phosphate-starvation-like response in gene expression even under phosphate sufficient conditions; significant upregulation of the Pho regulon genes was observed. Further, the production of alkaline phosphatase, a product of the Pho regulon gene, phoA, increased in the rmf disruptant under a Pi sufficient condition. Furthermore, production of PhoC acid phosphatase/nucleoside pyrophosphate phosphotransferase derived from Morganella morganii also increased significantly in the rmf disruptant. We concluded that host modification by the rmf gene disruption has potential benefit in industrial enzyme production using Escherichia coli.
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PMID:Improved production of enzymes, which are expressed under the Pho regulon promoter, in the rmf gene (encoding ribosome modulation factor) disruptant of Escherichia coli. 1663 63

The effect of sulfate and phosphate deprivation on cell growth and cylindrospermopsin level was studied in Aphanizomenon ovalisporum ILC-164. Sulfate starvation induced a characteristic reduction of cylindrospermopsin pool size on the basis of cell number and unit of dry mass of culture. Phosphorous starvation of A. ovalisporum cultures induced a lesser reduction of cylindrospermopsin pool size. This divergence in the pool size of cylindrospermopsin may be the consequence of different growth rate. To show the metabolic changes concomitant with reduction of cylindrospermopsin pool size were obtained by measurement of ATP sulfurylase and alkaline phosphatase activity. The present study is the first concerning the cylindrospermopsin content under sulfate starvation and discusses it in relation to phosphorous starvation.
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PMID:Alteration of cylindrospermopsin production in sulfate- or phosphate-starved cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon ovalisporum. 1673 94


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