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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Total parenteral nutrition has been widely available for almost 20 years. This therapy can demonstrably support growth in neonates and children and will maintain life in adults with an inadequate intestine. It may be beneficial in highly selected preoperative patients, and patients with head trauma. Otherwise, its role in specific disease states or pathologic conditions remains unclear. Whether its benefits outweigh its hazards is largely unknown. Crucial to the decision-making process for initiation of TPN is a knowledge of when starvation becomes detrimental to an individual and whether TPN can prevent or reverse any of starvation's detrimental effects; this information is unknown. Many potential complications exist, the frequency of which generally is dependent on the expertise of the user. Nutritional support teams appear to reduce septic, mechanical, and metabolic complications and may improve the clinical efficacy and decrease the cost of TPN care.
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PMID:Efficacy and safety of total parenteral nutrition. 213 48

Metabolism of carbohydrates in the brain of 110-day-feti, newborns (before taking the colostrum), 1-day-old and 5-day-old piglets, grown under sows or starved for 24 hours has been studied. Examination of brain slices with the use of 1-14C glucose and 6-14C glucose and determination of the glycolysis-limiting enzymes activity have shown that glycolysis is the main pathway of glucose utilization in the central nervous system of pigs during the transition from prenatal to postnatal development. The major portion of NADPH in the brain of new born piglets is supplied by dehydrogenases of the pentose-phosphate pathway. The increased activities of NADP-dependent malate and citrate dehydrogenases are found in the cytoplasm of astrocytes during the neonatal period. The decreased intensity of glycolysis and pentose-phosphate pathway in the brain of 1-day-old piglets is associated with the increased rate of malate and isocitrate oxidation. Starvation for 24 hours causes changes in the carbohydrate metabolism rates in the brain of piglets. The pentose-phosphate pathway rate increases by 70-80 per cent in the brain structures of piglets of the both groups. Besides, the iso-CDG activity also rises in the brain of 5-day-old animals. The high level of oxidation-reduction processes in the brain of older piglets at active glycolysis is supposed to be one of the peculiarities of energy metabolism in the central nervous system of animals which are resistant to starvation.
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PMID:[The effect of starvation during an early postnatal period on carbohydrate metabolism in the swine brain]. 233 25

PCM can be usefully considered in terms of edematous (kwashiorkor-like) and nonedematous (marasmic) forms, as long as the limitations of the traditional terms are kept in mind. The body composition of subjects with undernutrition, or total starvation, both appear to maintain an extracellular fluid volume at a normal level, which increases as a percentage of the shrinking body weight. This is in contrast to patients with hospital malnutrition, in whom there is often an absolute increase in the extracellular volume while the body cell mass is shrinking. Data from the starvation literature suggest that the adult subject must gain approximately 10% of his or her body weight as extracellular expansion before edema is clinically evident. Preliminary evidence indicates that the hospitalized patient with the edematous form of malnutrition is at greater risk for complications and death when undergoing an operation, or requiring intensive care. The depleted patient who shows a rise in a depressed serum albumin after 7 to 10 days of TPN will have an improved prognosis when undergoing the stress of an elective operation. This improvement appears to be more the result of decreasing the expanded extracellular fluid volume than achieving a major increase in protein stores. The severely catabolic patient, particularly during episodes of major infection, can be expected to benefit by a nutritional intake that is carefully designed to provide calorie and nitrogen equilibrium. Nutritional intake high enough to guarantee positive balances of calories and nitrogen should be delayed until the acute catabolic stimulus has subsided, at which time the nutritional objective is to rebuild lost tissue.
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PMID:Forms of malnutrition in stressed and unstressed patients. 308 75

The influence of nutritional status on the resumption of adequate food intake in 101 patients recovering from colorectal cancer operation was examined. Two thirds of these patients were well-nourished; the others were malnourished. Malnutrition criteria were serum albumin of less than 3.5 gm per dl plus any two of the following four factors: recent weight loss greater than 10 per cent or weight for height, mid-arm circumference, and triceps skinfold thickness lower than the tenth percentile. Over half of the well-nourished patients were eating 60 per cent or greater of their caloric requirements by the tenth postoperative day, whereas only one quarter of the malnourished patients had attained this intake. the morbidity and mortality in 33 malnourished patients was 52 and 12 per cent, respectively, compared with 31 and 6 per cent (p less than 0.01) in 68 nourished patients. The duration of postoperative functional starvation in malnourished patients without complications increased to an average of 22 days following a complication and was further prolonged after a complication. Age or operative procedure (curative or palliative) did not influence complication rate. Our data suggest that postoperative nutritional support as either TPN or enteral feeding using an elemental diet is indicated in malnourished patients and in well-nourished patients immediately following a complication requiring therapeutic intervention.
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PMID:Influence of nutritional status on the resumption of adequate food intake in patients recovering from colorectal cancer operations. 309 45

Contents of cytochrome P-450 and b5, rates of oxidation of aniline, amidopyrine and dimethylaniline as well as activities of NADP-H- and ascorbate-dependent systems of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in rat liver microsomes five months after single administration of the mixture of polychlorinated diphenyls (PCD) significantly exceeded the control level. Starvation of the animals for 120 hours led to an additional increase of cytochrome P-450 content and LPO activation. The rat liver monooxygenase system retained the ability to respond to the inducing action of the mixture of PCD (500 mg/kg) during starvation.
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PMID:[Reinduction of the cytochrome P-450 system of the liver in rats exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls during starvation]. 310 28

Tumor-bearing animals provided with intravenous glucose and amino acids (TPN) exhibit enhanced response to S-phase-specific chemotherapeutic agents (H. M. Reynolds, J. M. Daly, B. Rowlands, S. J. Dudrick, and E. M. Copeland. Cancer 45: 3069, 1980; M. H. Torosian, J. L. Mullen, E. E. Miller, et al. J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 7: 337, 1983). To determine the mechanism of this response, DNA synthesis rate during starvation or a 48-hr infusion of glucose/amino acids (Glu/AA) was evaluated in tumor, liver, and terminal ileal cells of 68 rats. Tumor cells exhibited a rapid increase in DNA synthesis following the initiation of an infusion of Glu/AA. This increase was most marked after 2 hr of infusion and returned to control levels within 24 hr. Liver DNA synthesis rate increased in both starved and Glu/AA animals over 48 hr with a larger increase in animals receiving Glu/AA. Ileal DNA synthesis decreased equally in both groups. Short pulse Glu/AA produced transient increases in tumor DNA synthesis. Changes in host tissues occurred but followed a different temporal sequence. This may indicate the existence of a period of time following initiation of metabolic manipulation when tumor susceptibility to phase-specific chemotherapeutic agents will be enhanced while host tissues will be spared from increased toxicity.
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PMID:The effects of glucose and amino acids on tumor and host DNA synthesis. 393 82

Branched-chain amino acid metabolism in skeletal muscle promotes the production of alanine, an important precursor in hepatic gluconeogenesis. There is controversy concerning the origin of the carbon skeleton of alanine produced in muscle, specifically whether it is derived from carbohydrate via glycolysis (the glucose-alanine cycle) or from amino acid precursors (viz. glutamate, valine, isoleucine, methionine, aspartate, asparagine) via a pathway involving phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase and pyruvate kinase, or NADP-malate dehydrogenase (malic enzyme). The relevant literature is reviewed and it is concluded that neogenic flux from amino acids is unlikely to be of major quantitative importance for provision of the carbon skeleton of alanine either in vitro or in vivo. Evidence is presented that branched-chain amino acid oxidation in muscle is incomplete and that the branched-chain 2-oxo acids and the products of their partial oxidation (including glutamine) are released. The role of these metabolites is discussed in the context of fuel homeostasis in starvation.
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PMID:Alanine and inter-organ relationships in branched-chain amino and 2-oxo acid metabolism. Review. 393 2

1. Optimum conditions were established for determining the activities of the NADP(+)-linked enzymes, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, in mosquito tissues. 2. The activity of each dehydrogenase was determined in samples of mosquitoes of different ages throughout the life-span. The specific-activity curves attained maximal values in the pupal or early adult period. From these maxima an 81% decrease in glucose 6-phosphate-dehydrogenase and 67% decrease in 6-phosphogluconate-dehydrogenase activities occurred after the tenth day of adult life; a 77% decrease in isocitrate-dehydrogenase activity occurred before the fifth day. 3. The activity differences were found in different body regions as well as in whole organisms. 4. Starvation of the larva or adult did not result in decreases in enzyme activity. 5. These findings support the hypothesis that the activities of enzymes that form NADPH are related to the biosynthetic activity, for the enzyme activities increased during the period of cellular growth and decreased during the aging period.
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PMID:Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate enzymes in the mosquito during growth and aging. 438 47

1. The concentrations of the oxidized and reduced substrates of the ;malic' enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42) were measured in freeze-clamped rat livers. By assuming that the reactants of these dehydrogenase systems are at equilibrium in the cytoplasm the [free NADP(+)]/[free NADPH] ratio was calculated. The justification of the assumption is discussed. 2. The values of this ratio obtained under different nutritional conditions (well-fed, 48hr.-starved, fed with a low-carbohydrate diet, fed with a high-sucrose diet) were all of the same order of magnitude although characteristic changes occurred on varying the diet. The value of the ratio fell on starvation and on feeding with the low-carbohydrate diet and rose slightly on feeding with the high-sucrose diet. 3. The mean values of the ratio were calculated to be between 0.001 and 0.015, which is about 100000 times lower than the values of the cytoplasmic [free NAD(+)]/[free NADH] ratio. 4. The differences in the redox state of the two nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide couples can be explained on a simple physicochemical basis. The differences are the result of equilibria that are determined by the equilibrium constants of a number of highly active readily reversible dehydrogenases and transaminases and the concentrations of the substrates and products of these enzymes. 5. The decisive feature is the fact that the NAD and NADP couples share substrates. This sharing provides a link between the redox states of the two couples. 6. The application of the method of calculation to data published by Kraupp, Adler-Kastner, Niessner & Plank (1967), Goldberg, Passonneau & Lowry (1966) and Kauffman, Brown, Passonneau & Lowry (1968) shows that the redox states of the NAD and NADP couples in cardiac-muscle cytoplasm and in mouse-brain cytoplasm are of the same order as those in rat liver. 7. The determination of the equilibrium constant at 38 degrees , pH7.0 and I 0.25 (required for the calculation of the [free NADP(+)]/[free NADPH] ratio), gave a value of 3.44x10(-2)m for the ;malic' enzyme (with CO(2) rather than HCO(3) (-) as the reactant) and a value of 1.98x10(-2)m(-1) for glutathione reductase.
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PMID:The redox state of free nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate in the cytoplasm of rat liver. 439 Oct 39

The effects of transcription and translation inhibitors on NADP-glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase synthesis in nitrogen-starving Ankistrodesmus braunii cells have been studied. Considering the results obtained one can suggest that both enzymes are coded in a chloroplast genome and that during nitrogen starvation specific mRNA's are partly transferred from chloroplast into cytoplasm and can be translated there on 80S ribosomes.
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PMID:The role of chloroplast and cytoplasm in the NADP-glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase synthesis in Ankistrodesmus cells. 612 70


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