Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The concentrations of serum protein albumin, prealbumin and transferrin were determined in twenty-eight cases of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) with infection, together with the levels of serum proteinase inhibitors (PI), alpha1-antitrypsin (AT), alpha1-antichymotrypsin (Ach), alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (IalphaI). 2. Albumin, prealbumin and transferrin concentrations, as well as the levels of PI, IalphaI and alpha2M were found to be lower in cases of PEM associated with infection than the corresponding values for a group of healthy Thai preschool children and a group of newborn Thai children, but despite starvation AT and Ach values generally were increased. 3. The results provide support for the hypothesis that PI, especially AT and Ach might limit the synthesis of albumin, prealbumin and transferrin in PEM associated with infection, via the inhibition of the mobilization of body's own protein.
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PMID:Serum proteinase inhibitors and other serum proteins in protein-energy malnutrition. 7 Feb 17

Hormonal and substrate profiles and urinary nitrogen and urea excretion were measured in 78 underweight patients admitted for surgical investigation, who were placed into either a normo- or a hyperketonemic group, depending upon their levels of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. The two groups were otherwise similar in terms of weight loss, arm muscle circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, and serum protein levels. Before surgery only one-quarter of them were hyperketonemic displaying mean glucose, insulin, and glucagon levels characteristic of starvation-adaption, and excreted significantly less urinary nitrogen than in normoketonemic group. Those patients who underwent surgery tended to retain their presurgery hormonal and substrate profile. The normoketonemic group excreted significantly greater amounts of urinary nitrogen, depleted body protein to a greater extent as evidenced by larger changes in arm muscle circumference and serum protein levels, and mortality was greater. Interference with insulin-glucagon balance by sepsis and disease is suggested as a possible explanation for the failure of three-quarters of the patients to become starvation-adapted. The implications of this finding on the parenteral feeding of undernourished patients are discussed.
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PMID:Ketosis and nitrogen excretion in undernourished surgical patients. 57 67

1. Clinical and necropsy observations in lepromatous leprosy associated with severe emaciation and accompanying hypoproteinemia suggest that protein deprivation may be of pathogenic significance in the ulcerative phenomenon that is designated "Lazarine leprosy". 2. An experimental utilizing Wiersung rats infected with Mycobacterium lepraemurium and maintained on a protein-free diet was developed for the purpose of studying the effect of protein starvation on the course of chronic mycobacterial disease similar to lepromatous leprosy with respect to pathogen and host inflammatory response. 3. It was possible to maintain the experimental animals on a protein-free diet for up to 18 weeks of concomitant M. lepraemurium infection. This was long enough for the infection to disseminate to a degree that was evident in control animals only several weeks later. 4. The protein-deprived animals showed decreased inflammatory response to the pathogen, presented more rapid dissemination of the infection and harbored more bacilli per macrophage than did animals similarly infected but maintained on a protein adequate diet. This indicates impairment of native cellular immunity by protein deprivation through decrease in ability of macrophages to inhibit bacillary multiplication. 5. There was no evidence of impairment of macrophage ability to phagocytose the pathogens. 6. Morphologically the increased dissemination of pathogens and decrease in inflammatory response was similar to the increase in number and extent of visceral lesions seen in Lazarine leprosy. Decreased ability to dispose of the infecting bacilli was similar in the two models, human and animal. The animal model does not, as does lepromatous leprosy, involve the skin in the infection. Hence comparable ulcerative phenomena were not replicated in the animals. 7. It is suggested that Lazarine leprosy may result from enhanced lepromatous leprous infection occurring as a result of protein malnutrition. The pathogenic mechanism appears to be impairment of cellular immunity probably enhanced by concomitant impairment of humoral antibody immunity resulting also in decreased resistance to pyogenic and other secondary pathogens. The tissue edema attendant on decreased serum osmotic pressure due to lowering of the serum protein fractions enhances the probability of ulceration.
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PMID:The role of protein malnutrition in the pathogenesis of ulcerative "Lazarine" leprosy. 82 11

Our previous paper reported that the fetotoxic effects of aspirin (ASA) were enhanced by bacterial endotoxin (LPS), and the effects of ASA were attributed to its major metabolite, salicylic acid (SA), as indicated by high SA concentrations in fetus and placenta. In order to clarify the mechanisms of the enhancement by LPS, serum total protein, albumin and free fatty acid (FFA) levels and SA-binding capacity of serum protein were investigated in pregnant rats. The following results were obtained: 1) FFA levels increased steadily after day 16 of pregnancy, and SA-binding capacity of serum protein decreased gradually after day 18, as the pregnancy proceeded to full term. 2) LPS injection decreased total protein and albumin levels in normal and starved rats on day 15 of pregnancy. 3) Starvation and/or LPS injection potentiated the increase of FFA level and reduced significantly SA-binding capacity of serum protein in the rats on day 15 of pregnancy. 4) Serum protein showing low SA-binding capacity from LPS-treated rats recovered normal SA-binding capacity when FFA was removed from serum protein by charcoal treatment. These data suggested the decrease of the SA-protein binding in serum by the increased level of FFA, an inhibitor of the binding, and the decreased level of albumin as a possible mechanism for the potentiation of the fetotoxicities of ASA by LPS.
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PMID:Studies on the pharmacological bases of fetal toxicity of drugs (IV). Effect of endotoxin and starvation on serum protein binding of salicylic acid in pregnant rats. 666 66

To investigate the effect of stress on the dynamics of serum protein response during starvation, serum albumin, prealbumin, and transferrin changes were studied in six chair-adapted macaques during two separate 7-day test periods: (1) Starvation--NPO + IV D5/W (100 cc/kg/day), and (2) Surgery/starvation--laparotomy and gastrostomy + NPO + IV D5/W (100 cc/kg/day). During the starvation period, transferrin was the only protein that decreased from baseline values and did so at day 7 of the study period. In contrast, during the period of starvation following surgery, both prealbumin and transferrin were significantly decreased at both day 4 and day 7 of the study period, whereas albumin was only decreased at day 7 of this period. These findings indicate that the addition of a surgical stress to starvation results in a depression of serum protein levels that is not only of greater magnitude, but also more rapid in onset than observed with starvation alone. In addition, the differential response of prealbumin and transferrin to starvation and stress may provide a useful indicator of the presence and/or degree of stress in certain situations. The clinical utility of this finding remains to be ascertained.
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PMID:Serum protein response to surgery and starvation. 689 11

The present study was carried out to compare the effects of four isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets on the N utilization, total serum protein concentration and serum amino acid profile in starved rats at weaning. These diets differed only in the molecular form of two milk proteins (whey protein and casein), which were either native or partly hydrolysed. Male Wistar rats at weaning were fasted for 3 d and then refed with one of the four diets for 48 h. No differences were observed in the body weight gain, protein digestibility and total serum protein concentration between groups after the refeeding period and all the N balances were positive. N retention was higher in the two groups of rats given the protein-hydrolysate-based diets compared with those given the intact-protein-based diets. This was associated with a lower urinary N excretion in rats, given the whey-protein-hydrolysate and the casein-hydrolysate diets. Despite this fact, the serum amino acid pattern of rats given the hydrolysed protein diet was very similar to that of those given the corresponding native protein diet. In conclusion, we have proved that enzymic hydrolysates from milk proteins have equivalent effects to native proteins in recovery after starvation in rats at weaning, on N absorption, total serum protein concentration and serum amino acid profile, and even give a higher N retention. We did not observe any harmful effect in using protein hydrolysates instead of native proteins.
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PMID:Protein v. enzymic protein hydrolysates. Nitrogen utilization in starved rats. 785 16

Many reports have stated that some of the pathogenic bacteria can obtain iron from ferroproteins, such as cytochrome C, ferritin, hemin, hemoglobin, and myoglobin. These reports prompted us to determine if an opportunistic pathogenic fungus, Candida albicans, can utilize ferroproteins to circumvent the iron-regulatory effect of transferrin. The following assays were carried out to measure in vitro growth stimulation by the ferroproteins: as an initial step, C. albicans was cultured in iron-free (pretreated with apotransferrin for 24 h) culture medium. Once Candida albicans yeast cell growth reached stasis from iron starvation, individual ferroproteins were added to the culture media. Results showed that hemin, hemoglobin, and myoglobin supported a partial growth recovery. Additional studies with haptoglobin, a serum protein that interacts with the globin moiety of certain ferroproteins, established that C. albicans could obtain iron from the haptoglobin-ferroprotein complexes. These data indicate that the heme part of the ferroproteins is the source of iron. This implies that heme oxygenase, CaHMX1 might be involved in bringing about dissociation of heme-containing protein for iron-acquisition. In addition, anticandidal activity of transferrin takes place not only by the process of iron regulation, but also by direct interaction with the yeast cells.
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PMID:Utilization of ferroproteins by Candida albicans during candidastasis by apotransferrin. 1617 24

The evolution of longevity requires a low risk of mortality from extrinsic factors, relative to intrinsic factors, so that individuals that differentially invest in physiological self-maintenance and minimize their annual reproductive costs will maximize lifetime fitness through a prolonged reproductive lifespan. The trade-off between reproductive effort and self-maintenance, as measured by immune function, has been well documented in short-lived birds, but is difficult to demonstrate in long-lived birds. To assess self-maintenance in a long-lived seabird, we measured serum protein levels, including immunoglobulin G (IgG = IgY), in 30 breeding pairs of common terns (Sterna hirundo) and their first-hatched (A) chicks. Most parents were of known age from banding as hatchlings; our sample was selected to contrast young breeders (6-9 years) with very old birds (17-23 years). Body-mass of the parents declined by 5% during the chick-rearing period, while serum protein levels were stable. Serum IgG levels were higher in parents of offspring with faster growth rates, while IgG levels were lower in parents whose broods were reduced by starvation. A-chicks in broods of two had higher IgG levels than singleton chicks. Albumin levels were not related to reproductive performance. Thus, despite adequate statistical power, we could find no evidence for a trade-off between reproduction and self-maintenance in common terns, even in old age. The results are consistent with life-history predictions for long-lived vertebrates, in which selection favors sustained self-maintenance across the reproductive lifespan. The positive relationships between IgG levels and reproductive performance indicate that IgG can be used as an index of parental "quality."
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PMID:Serum immunoglobulin G levels are positively related to reproductive performance in a long-lived seabird, the common tern (Sterna hirundo). 1618 10

Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most widely used clinical serum protein. Currently, commercial HSA can only be obtained from human plasma, due to lack of commercially feasible recombinant protein expression systems. In this study, inducible expression and secretion of HSA by transformed rice suspension cell culture was established. Mature form of HSA was expressed under the control of the sucrose starvation-inducible rice alpha Amy3 promoter, and secretion of HSA into the culture medium was achieved by using the alpha Amy3 signal sequence. High concentrations of HSA were secreted into culture medium in a short time (2-4 days) by sucrose depletion after cell concentrations had reached a peak density in culture medium containing sucrose. The recombinant HSA had the same electrophoretic mobility as commercial HSA and was stable and free from apparent proteolysis in the culture medium. In a flask scale culture with repeated sucrose provision-depletion cycles, HSA was stably produced with yields up to 11.5% of total medium proteins or 15 mg/L per cycle after each sucrose provision-depletion cycle. A bubble column type bioreactor was designed for production of HSA. In the bioreactor scale culture, HSA was produced with yields up to 76.4 mg/L 4 days after sucrose depletion. HSA was purified from the culture medium to high purity by a simple purification scheme. Enrichment of HSA in culture medium simplifies downstream purification, minimizes protease degradation, and may reduce production cost. The combination of a DNA construct containing the alpha Amy3 promoter and signal sequence, and the use of a rice suspension cell culture can provide an effective system for the production of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins.
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PMID:Production of human serum albumin by sugar starvation induced promoter and rice cell culture. 1624 48

Malnutrition in anorexia nervosa was simulated in an animal starvation study. Female rats aged 11 to 13 weeks received a hypocaloric standard diet or a hypocaloric choline reduced diet. Weight reduction lasted for 12 to 20 weeks and was between 30 % to 40 % of initial weight. Several animals were refed after weight reduction up to 6 to 12 weeks with a standard or a choline enriched diet ad libitum. Serum parameters and membrane fluidity of the CNS were measured after weight reduction or after refeeding. Weight reduction leads to a significant decrease of serum protein, triglycerides (Z = -3.53 resp. -3.42; p < 0.001) and an increase of membrane fluidity in the CNS (Z = -2.83; p < 0.001). Long-term diet with marked weight reduction and following refeeding causes a catabole metabolic situation with significant increase of urea/creatinine-ratio. Choline enriched refeeding after diet results in normalization of serum parameters and membrane fluidity of the CNS. Choline enrichment leads to a significant increase of serum protein (Z = -2.03; p < 0.01). Besides we found a negative correlation between serum protein and urea/creatinine-ratio (r (S) = -0.47; p < 0.001; n = 64). This is possibly caused by a reduced protein catabolism or an increased protein anabolism. Furthermore membrane fluidity in the CNS correlates with serum protein (r (S) = 0.65; p < 0.001; n = 41) and with serum creatinine levels (r (S) = 0.58; p < 0.001; n = 42). We conclude that these serum parameters are potential predictors for cell function in the starved brain and consequently for the course of anorexia nervosa. We furthermore hypothesize that choline enriched nutrition after starvation improves the stabilization of cerebral membranes and the metabolic situation in anorexia nervosa.
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PMID:[The importance of choline and different serum parameters for the course of the anorexia nervosa]. 1744 39


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