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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two types of hypotrophy (complete starvation and aurantin administration) were simulated in experimental rats. Significant changes were revealed in certain parameters of protein metabolism (decreased content of total protein, RNA and DNA in the blood, liver and skeletal muscles, dysproteinemia) leading to the drop in the mass of the body and internal organs of the test animals. The degree of these disorders expression was studied in relation to the hypotrophy genesis and the animals age. It was shown that the shift in the protein metabolism taking place in hypotrophy could be corrected with the use of sodium selenite, vitamin E, retabolil and their varying combinations.
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PMID:[Effect of sodium selenite, vitamin E and retabolil alone and in combination on certain parameters of protein metabolism in experimentally hypotrophic rats of different ages]. 359 Jun 82

Cell growth using homocysteine as a source of cysteine-sulphur requires two enzymes, cystathionine synthase (CS) and gamma-cystathionase (CT). The second of these enzymes, CT, is apparently present in most cell lines regardless of their tissues of origin, since most cells can grow in vitro in the absence of cystine if they are provided with cystathionine, the intermediate in the pathway. Likewise, homocysteine will support the growth of many human cells. However, of a wide range of rodent cells, only well-differentiated rat hepatoma cells were found to grow using homocysteine in place of cystine. It is shown that cell growth in homocysteine-medium correlates well with the presence in the cells of detectable levels of CS. Furthermore, in cells able to grow in homocysteine-medium, it is possible to demonstrate the homocysteine-dependent trans-sulphuration of serine to cysteine. Growth in homocysteine-medium is not dependent on the release of preformed cysteine from disulphide complexes with serum proteins. In cell hybrids, and in 'dedifferentiated' variants of rat hepatomas, CS, but not CT, is subject to extinction coordinately with well-characterized liver-specific traits. For rodent cells, homocysteine-medium thus acts as a selective medium requiring the expression of a single liver-specific trait, CS. In addition it is shown that, in certain hepatoma variants, CS is regulated co-ordinately with a urea-cycle enzyme (carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I) by glucocorticoids and cyclic-AMP. Cell death through cysteine starvation is briefly considered. The immediate cause of death is apparently an insufficient supply of reduced glutathione. Selenium and vitamin E assist cell growth when the supply of cysteine is limiting.
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PMID:Characterization of cystathionine synthase as a selectable, liver-specific trait in rat hepatomas. 379 84

The influence of weight-loss and dietary vitamin E supplementation on plasma vitamin E status has been evaluated in Gold-thioglucose induced hypothalamic obese mice. They were submitted for two weeks to different dietary regimens: a normal energy-normal vitamin E diet (standard diet), a low energy-normal vitamin E diet (protein sparing modified fast (PSMF)-diet) and a no energy-no vitamin E diet (total starvation) respectively. Plasma vitamin E levels were significantly higher in the PSMF-treated group (P less than 0.01) but remained constant in the total fast group as compared to obese controls. Plasma vitamin E/cholesterol ratio (being increased (P less than 0.01) in PSMF-mice and decreased (P less than 0.01) in total fast mice) was strongly correlated with dietary vitamin E/fat ratio. These results suggest that dietary vitamin E supplementation can prevent plasma vitamin E to decrease during rapid weight-loss and that vitamin E/fat ratio is the main parameter to evaluate the dietary adequacy of vitamin E supplementation.
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PMID:Vitamin E status in gold-thioglucose-treated obese mice: the influence of weight loss. 393 88

NMRI Albino mice, in which the hepatic glutathione (GSH) content was decreased by nearly 50% by either the administration of a pure glucose diet or by starvation, were intoxicated with aryl halides, bromobenzene, and iodobenzene (13 and 9 mmol/kg body weight, respectively, p.o.). After both intoxications, the hepatic glutathione content decreased rapidly to very low values, and liver necrosis, as assessed by serum transaminase levels, occurred in about 45 or 60% of the animals (in the case of bromobenzene or iodobenzene, respectively) after a lag phase of 9 or 6 hr. In both instances liver necrosis was evident only when the hepatic GSH depletion reached a threshold value (3.5-2.5 nmols/mg protein). The same threshold value was evident for the occurrence of lipid peroxidation (measured as both carbonyl functions and conjugated dienes in liver phospholipids). The possibility that the depletion in hepatic GSH level is capable of inducing lipid peroxidation and necrosis could be supported by the fact that similar results were obtained after the administration of inethylmaleate (12 mmol/kg, p.o.), a drug which is expected to conjugate directly with GSH without previous metabolism. The covalent binding of reactive metabolites to cellular macromolecules was determined in the case of bromobenzene poisoning. A dissociation between liver necrosis and covalent binding was observed in experiments in which Trolox C, a lower homolog of vitamin E, was administered (270 mumol/kg) 9 and 13 hr after bromobenzene poisoning. The treatment with Trolox C, in fact, almost completely prevented both liver necrosis and lipid peroxidation, while the extent of the covalent binding of bromobenzene metabolites to liver proteins was not altered.
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PMID:Glutathione depletion, lipid peroxidation, and liver necrosis following bromobenzene and iodobenzene intoxication. 651 83

Successful nutritional management requires knowledge of the natural history of exotic pets, nutrient contents of foods, and roles of water, calories, and nutrients in optimal health. Unestablished dietary requirements, lack of balanced commercial diets and mismanagement by owners cause nutritional problems that affect health and recovery from illness and trauma. When presented with a sick exotic pet, veterinarians should check for provision of appropriate wholesome water and food in optimal amounts. Malnutrition and dehydration are common in exotic pets and often result from mismanagement. Starvation is common in carnivores eating whole vertebrate prey, whereas specific nutrient deficiencies are more common in herbivores and insectivores. The more common nutritional deficiencies are calcium and vitamin D3, vitamin A, thiamin, and vitamin E. When treating sick exotic pets, nutrition and fluid support may be critical to recovery.
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PMID:Clinical nutrition of exotic pets. 784 83

The effects of three-day fasting and one-day refeeding on some blood metabolites and parameters of lipid peroxidation were studied in eight non-pregnant merino ewes. Fasting produced an immediate decrease in blood glucose accompanied by an increase of free fatty acid, total lipid, total cholesterol and urea in the plasma. Starvation increased the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (malondialdehyde), with a slower but more sustained increase in the plasma than in the red blood cell haemolysate. Changes in glutathione peroxidase activity were the reverse of those in malondialdehyde concentration. Catalase activity was not measurable in plasma but was consistently increased in the haemolysate on fasting. Superoxide dismutase activity in the whole blood haemolysate significantly increased only on the first day of food deprivation. The vitamin E content of plasma showed no significant changes. The results indicate that energy deficiency, a well-known phenomenon in ruminants, affects not only the metabolic parameters of the blood but its lipid peroxidative status as well.
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PMID:Effect of fasting on blood lipid peroxidation parameters of sheep. 839 31

During 1996 and 1997, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service conducted a study to determine the cause(s) of population decline and low survival of pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) fawns on Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge (HMNAR) located in southeastern Oregon (USA). As part of that study, blood, fecal, and tissue samples from 104 neonatal fawns, 40 adult does, and nine adult male pronghorns were collected to conduct a health evaluation of the population. Physiological parameters related to nutrition and/or disease were studied. No abnormalities were found in the complete blood cell counts of adults (n = 40) or fawns (n = 44 to 67). Serum total protein and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were lower compared to other pronghorn populations. Does had mean BUN values significantly lower (P < 0.001) in December 1996 than March 1997. Serum copper (Cu) levels in does (range 0.39 to 0.74 ppm) were considered marginal when compared to domestic animals and other wild ungulates. Fawns had low (0.28 ppm) Cu levels at birth and reached the does' marginal values in about 3 days. Whole blood, serum and liver selenium (Se) levels were considered marginal to low in most segments of the pronghorn population. However, serum levels of vitamin E (range 1.98 to 3.27 microg/ml), as determined from the does captured in March, were apparently sufficient to offset any signs of Se deficiency. No clinical signs of Cu or Se deficiency were observed. Fifty-five of 87 dead fawns were necropsied. Trauma, due to predation by coyotes (Canis latrans), accounted for 62% of the mortality during mid-May to mid-July of each year. Other causes included predation by golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) (4%), dystocia (2%), septicemic pasteurellosis (4%), starvation (5%), and unknown (23%). Adult females were tested for serum neutralizing antibodies to Brucella spp. (n = 20, negative), Leptospira interrogans (n = 20, negative), bluetongue virus (n = 20, 35% positive), epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (n = 20, 30% positive), respiratory syncytial virus (n = 18, negative), parainfluenza virus type 3 (n = 18, 67% positive), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (n = 18, negative), and bovine viral diarrhea (n = 18, negative). Considering the parameters examined, we found no apparent predisposing factors to mortality including those killed by coyotes, but some nutritional parameters suggest that pronghorns on HMNAR exist on a diet low in protein and Se and marginal in Cu. The effect these factors have on the population is not known.
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PMID:Health evaluation of a pronghorn antelope population in Oregon. 1047 84

Gamma-tocopherol (gammaT) complements alpha-tocopherol (alphaT) by trapping reactive nitrogen oxides to form a stable adduct, 5-nitro-gammaT [Christen et al., PNAS 94:3217-3222; 1997]. This observation led to the current investigation in which we studied the effects of gammaT supplementation on plasma and tissue vitamin C, vitamin E, and protein nitration before and after zymosan-induced acute peritonitis. Male Fischer 344 rats were fed for 4 weeks with either a normal chow diet with basal 32 mg alphaT/kg, or the same diet supplemented with approximately 90 mg d-gammaT/kg. Supplementation resulted in significantly higher levels of gammaT in plasma, liver, and kidney of control animals without affecting alphaT, total alphaT+gammaT or vitamin C. Intraperitoneal injection of zymosan caused a marked increase in 3-nitrotyrosine and a profound decline in vitamin C in all tissues examined. Supplementation with gammaT significantly inhibited protein nitration and ascorbate oxidation in the kidney, as indicated by the 29% and 56% reduction of kidney 3-nitrotyrosine and dehydroascorbate, respectively. Supplementation significantly attenuated inflammation-induced loss of vitamin C in the plasma (38%) and kidney (20%). Zymosan-treated animals had significantly higher plasma and tissue gammaT than nontreated pair-fed controls, and the elevation of gammaT was strongly accentuated by the supplementation. In contrast, alphaT did not significantly change in response to zymosan treatment. In untreated control animals, gammaT supplementation lowered basal levels of 3-nitrotyrosine in the kidney and buffered the starvation-induced changes in vitamin C in all tissues examined. Our study provides the first in vivo evidence that in rats with high basal amounts of alphaT, a moderate gammaT supplementation attenuates inflammation-mediated damage, and spares vitamin C during starvation-induced stress without affecting alphaT.
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PMID:Gamma-tocopherol supplementation inhibits protein nitration and ascorbate oxidation in rats with inflammation. 1244 11

Eating disorders are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in adolescent females and young women. They are associated with severe medical and psychological consequences, including death, osteoporosis, growth delay and developmental delay. Dermatologic symptoms are almost always detectable in patients with severe anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), and awareness of these may help in the early diagnosis of hidden AN or BN. Cutaneous manifestations are the expression of the medical consequences of starvation, vomiting, abuse of drugs (such as laxatives and diuretics), and of psychiatric morbidity. These manifestations include xerosis, lanugo-like body hair, telogen effluvium, carotenoderma, acne, hyperpigmentation, seborrheic dermatitis, acrocyanosis, perniosis, petechiae, livedo reticularis, interdigital intertrigo, paronychia, generalized pruritus, acquired striae distensae, slower wound healing, prurigo pigmentosa, edema, linear erythema craquele, acral coldness, pellagra, scurvy, and acrodermatitis enteropathica. The most characteristic cutaneous sign of vomiting is Russell's sign (knuckle calluses). Symptoms arising from laxative or diuretic abuse include adverse reactions to drugs. Symptoms arising from psychiatric morbidity (artefacta) include the consequences of self-induced trauma. The role of the dermatologist in the management of eating disorders is to make an early diagnosis of the 'hidden' signs of these disorders in patients who tend to minimize or deny their disorder, and to avoid over-treatment of conditions which are overemphasized by patients' distorted perception of skin appearance. Even though skin signs of eating disorders improve with weight gain, the dermatologist will be asked to treat the dermatological conditions mentioned above. Xerosis improves with moisturizing ointments and humidification of the environment. Acne may be treated with topical benzoyl peroxide, antibacterials or azaleic acid; these agents may be administered as monotherapy or in combinations. Combination antibacterials, such as erythromycin with zinc, are also recommended because of the possibility of zinc deficiency in patients with eating disorders. The antiandrogen cyproterone acetate combined with 35 microg ethinyl estradiol may improve acne in women with AN and should be given for 2-4 months. Cheilitis, angular stomatitis, and nail fragility appear to respond to topical tocopherol (vitamin E). Russell's sign may decrease in size following applications of ointments that contain urea. Regular dental treatment is required to avoid tooth loss.
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PMID:Dermatologic signs in patients with eating disorders. 1594 93

Infants and children may undergo severe oxidative stress due to disease state, pre-existing nutritional status, frequent use of oxygen, and lower levels of antioxidant defenses. Antioxidant defenses, made up of intracellular and extra-cellular components, work synergistically to prevent oxidative damage. Total antioxidant activity (TAA) was analyzed by method of ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). Patients admitted in Pediatric Dept, RNT Medical College, Udaipur, India were selected for these studies. TAA level in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic-encephalopathy (HIE) stage III and in poor outcome cases was significantly low. Erythrocyte SOD activity level was low in pre-term neonates. TAA level in severely malnourished children at the time of hospital admission was low. This low antioxidant level in severely malnourished children could be multi-factorial viz. low zinc, selenium, vitamin A & C deficiency, recurrent infections, elevated free iron and chronic starvation stage. Delayed recovery of oxidant injury may lead to delayed incomplete recovery at cellular level. In a study of 29 tuberculosis patients TAA level was found to be low in tubercular patients compared with control. TAA level decreased more in CNS tuberculosis compared with other system tuberculosis. In a study of nutritional tremor syndrome TAA, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol levels were low during pre-tremor phase compared with tremor phase (ATS). Pre-term neonates have incompletely developed antioxidant defenses and are deficient in vitamin E, which is normally derived from maternal circulation at the end of 3rd trimester. Therefore, decreased TAA level in HIE with poor outcome indicates addition of antioxidants in therapeutic strategy. Since rise in TAA in antioxidant supplemented group of severely malnutrition children was higher with good outcome compared with nonsupplemented group it would be prudent to supplement antioxidant during nutritional management. These studies have shown that health benefits can be obtained by children with a reduced risk of disease from supplements of antioxidant nutrients. The amounts of optimal supplements in these disorders, whether pharmacologic or large, are to be determined. Further work is needed to show whether modest increases in nutrient intakes in children with these disorders will delay or prevent the complications and improve the outcome. Therefore, available evidence regarding health benefits to be achieved by supplementing antioxidant nutrients is encouraging. Free radical injury and antioxidant deficiency is more common than what we think. Severely malnourished children and children suffering from chronic infections and diseases are at several fold increased risk of antioxidant deficiency and likely to suffer from free radical injury. Appropriate interventions are required in reducing the risk associated with these observations.
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PMID:Free radicals: emerging challenge in environmental health research in childhood and neonatal disorders. 1696 76


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