Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We propose a rational regimen for management of non-insulin-dependent pregnant diabetics (NIDD), using appropriately constituted calorie-restricted diets with the oral agents metformin and glibenclamide as may be necessary, with rapid recourse to insulin if the latter do not produce excellent control of blood glucose. Using this regimen between June 1974 and December 1983 we have managed 423 new diabetics (ND, diagnosed during pregnancy) with a perinatal mortality (PNM) of 14 per 1000 and 268 established diabetics (known diabetics, KD) with a PNM of 70/1000 (57/1000 since 1978). A further 80 NIDDs were 'untreated', i.e., not seen by us until near term; these suffered a PNM of 313/1000. Side-effects of the drugs have been few and mild, they are not teratogenic; 'starvation ketosis' does not occur; neonatal hypoglycaemia is preventable by using continuous insulin infusion during delivery. We suggest that the regimen outlined here is acceptable to the patients, is safe, gives excellent results and furthermore teaches the diabetic mother proper dietary control and combats lifelong obesity. It should be useful especially in developing countries in which pregnant, overweight NIDDs are common. Precise control of the blood glucose is essential.
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PMID:The management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes during pregnancy. 393 18

Dieting behavior was studied in 166 young college women, 18 to 24 years old. The women were divided into three groups on the basis of the amount of time they had spent dieting during the previous school year (8 months). Of the whole population, 18.1% had spent more than half the time dieting (chronic dieters), 45.2% had dieted 50% of the time or less (periodic dieters), and 36.7% had not dieted during that period (nondieters). Physical measurements, background characteristics, and weight-loss experiences were compared among the three groups, following an anthropometric measurement session and administration of a self-report questionnaire. The chronic and periodic dieters weighed an average of 12 lb more than the nondieters and were more likely to be obese. The dieters also had greater triceps skinfold thickness, arm circumference, arm muscle diameter, and arm muscle circumference measurements. Women in both dieting groups were more likely than the nondieting group to consider themselves as having been overweight during their childhood and adolescent years and to consider at least one parent overweight. The average age at the time of the first reducing diet was 16.2 years. The four most commonly tried weight-loss approaches were exercise, moderate calorie restriction, fasting/starvation, and diet pills or supplements. The major sources of information on reducing diets were magazines or newspapers and friends or relatives.
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PMID:Weight control in young college women: who are the dieters? 405 63

The impact of maternal anthropometric characteristics, above all prepregnancy weight status and pregnancy weight gain, on newborn size was tested using 10,240 single births in the University Hospital of Vienna, Austria. Highly significant relations between maternal prepregnancy weight status and newborn size were observed. With higher maternal prepregnancy body mass index, higher birthweight, length, head circumference, acromial circumference and fronto occipitalis diameter occurred. Furthermore the incidence of low weight newborns (< 2500 g) was significantly higher in underweight women than in normal weight, overweight and obese women. Although the pregnancy weight gain was significantly higher in underweight women than in normal weight, this higher pregnancy weight gain was not able to compensate for the negative impact of poor weight status before pregnancy. These results indicate that even in a highly developed country such as Austria, where starvation is a nearly unknown problem and the medical and social system are well developed, a poor maternal weight status is a risk factor for growth retarded and low weight births.
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PMID:Maternal prepregnancy weight status and pregnancy weight gain as major determinants for newborn weight and size. 948 5

Although the hormone leptin seems to play a role in ensuring the maintenance of adequate energy stores and thereby protects against starvation, its role in the regulation of body weight and adiposity under normal circumstances is unclear. Overweight individuals have markedly elevated circulating leptin levels, suggesting that leptin's effect on food intake and thermogenesis is diminished or absent in obesity. Recent evidence, though, indicates that weight gain in Pima Indians is associated with relatively decreased levels of the hormone. Because it is important to understand whether a deficiency in circulating leptin contributes to the development of obesity, we sought to determine whether there is a relationship between leptin levels and subsequent changes in adiposity in a more typical population. We compared baseline plasma leptin concentrations to changes over 5 years in body weight, BMI, and computed tomography-determined total fat in 492 second- and third-generation Japanese Americans. Subjects were of 100% Japanese ancestry; male subjects had a mean BMI at baseline of 25.4 kg/m2 and a mean age of 54 years; female subjects had a mean BMI of 23.1 kg/m2 and a mean age of 53 years. Changes in weight (men: r = 0.17, P < 0.05; women: r = 0.20, P < 0.05), BMI (men: r = 0.17, P < 0.05; women: r = 0.18, P < 0.05), and total fat (men: r = 0.19, P < 0.05; women: r = 0.20, P < 0.01) were positively correlated with baseline leptin levels adjusted for baseline adiposity, fasting insulin, and age. In Japanese Americans, then, relatively increased leptin levels are associated with greater subsequent gains in weight and adiposity. We concluded that in this population, fat accumulation is associated not with leptin deficiency but possibly with leptin resistance and is preceded by increased leptin levels.
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PMID:Increased plasma leptin levels are associated with fat accumulation in Japanese Americans. 951 19

Hepatic balances for glucose and its precursor, lactate, were calculated by measuring hepatic blood flows and the arteriovenous differences of these metabolites in 2 groups of overweight rats: cafeteria diet-fed rats and post-cafeteria rats. Obese rats show abnormal hepatic glycogen handling, since they do not mobilize all hepatic glycogen stores after 24-hour starvation, in a situation in which a lower rate of hepatic glucose output and a higher capacity for lactate uptake are attained. The important decrease (about 50%) in the hepatic blood flows observed in post-cafeteria rats versus control rats was similar to that caused by 24-hour starvation in control animals, suggesting that after withdrawal of the cafeteria diet, the liver blood flow of the post-cafeteria rats was adapted to the low-food intake in order to make better use of the energy consumed. The results also suggest an increased efficiency of hepatic lactate uptake in post-cafeteria rats.
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PMID:Hepatic glycogen and lactate handling in dietary obese rats. 965 62

Diet is one of the cornerstones of a weight loss programme. Although there is little evidence that diet composition plays a clinically important role in the absorption or expenditure of energy, it does appear to play a role in food intake. Diets with a deficit of 500-1000 kcal per day will produce weight losses of between 300 and 1000 g per week, depending on the patient's weight. Formulae for estimating energy intake are provided. Starvation diets with an energy intake below 200 kcal per day are no longer used, but very low-energy diets with an energy intake of between 200 and 800 kcal per day have been used, although there is little to support the use of energy levels below 800 kcal per day. Ad libitum low-fat diets have been reported to produce weight losses that average 1.6 g per day for each 1% reduction in the level of fat. In a meta-analysis, overweight subjects lost 5-7 kg before reaching a new plateau. In normal weight subjects, the loss was only 0.5 kg. A low-fat diet may be of value in helping patients to maintain their weight loss. Higher-protein diets were more effective than low-protein diets in one clinical trial. The type of carbohydrate in the low-fat diet does not appear to influence weight loss. Alcohol, on the other hand, is poorly satiating and may replace fat in oxidative processes, thus enhancing the risk of obesity.
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PMID:Dietary approaches to reducing body weight. 1093 79

This study was designed to produce cloned goats from cumulus cells. Cloning donor nuclei were from cumulus cells either freshly isolated or cultured in vitro. Enucleated oocytes were either injected with cumulus cell nuclei without piezo-driven manipulator (injection method) or fused with cumulus cells (fusion method). The survival rate of cloned embryos, obtained by injection, was higher than that derived from fusion (62.7 and 45.9%, respectively). Two cloned goats were derived by fusion with in vitro cultured cumulus cells without starvation, but died shortly after natural birth, from respiratory difficulties. Their birth weights (2.23 kg and 2.03 kg) were within the normal range (2.0-2.7 kg) and postmortem analysis revealed no morphological abnormalities. The third cloned goat, derived by injection of nuclei from freshly isolated cumulus cells, weighed 3.3 kg at birth, and was 37% overweight compared with the average weight of the same species. This goat is healthy and well as this paper is being prepared. Nested PCR-RFLP analysis confirmed that all the cloned goats were derived from the donor cells.
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PMID:Production of cloned goats from enucleated oocytes injected with cumulus cell nuclei or fused with cumulus cells. 1191 40

Achievement of Health-for-All, whereby people everywhere throughout their lives, have the opportunity to reach and maintain the highest attainable level of health is impossible whilst hunger, starvation, and malnutrition remain. Malnutrition covers a broad spectrum of ills, including undernutrition, specific nutrient deficiencies, and overnutrition; and it kills, maims, retards, cripples, blinds, and impairs human development on a truly massive scale worldwide. In the developing world in 1995, of the estimated 10.4 million deaths among children under 5 years of age, protein-energy malnutrition was an associated and causative factor in 5.1 million of these deaths (i.e. 49%). On the other hand, evidence has recently been compiled suggesting that of the more than 10 million cases of cancer that occurred in 1996, an estimated 30-40% (3-4 million every year) are preventable by feasible, appropriate diets, and by physical activity and maintenance of appropriate body weight. Malnutrition affects all age groups across the entire lifespan. From the moment of conception, throughout foetal life, iodine, folate and intrauterine nutrition have a profound influence on development, growth, morbidity, mortality, not only in utero and in early infancy, but on morbidity, physical and mental capacity throughout life. Despite significant improvements in world food supplies, health conditions, and availability of educational and social services, no population escapes malnutrition's grasp. All countries have significant population groups with some form of debilitating malnutrition. Malnutrition worldwide, includes a spectrum of nutrient-related disorders, deficiencies and conditions including the following major public health problems; Intrauterine growth retardation, protein-energy malnutrition, Iodine deficiency disorders, Vitamin A Deficiency, Iron Deficiency Anaemia and Overweight and Obesity (WHO, Website).
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PMID:The emerging importance of dietary lipids, quantity and quality, in the global disease burden: the potential of aquatic resources. 1200 80

Data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Followup Survey were used to examine whether weight change was associated with an increased relative risk of nursing care facility admission. Hazard ratios were calculated with Cox proportional hazards models and stratified by overweight status at baseline. Moderate and large weight loss was associated with an increased risk of nursing care facility admission in overweight and non-overweight subjects. Large weight gain was associated with an increased relative risk in only overweight subjects. In the process of functional decline that results in nursing care facility admission, weight loss may be a sign of acute illness, starvation, or aging. Preventing weight loss may help delay this process of decline. In overweight subjects, preventing weight gain may also be important in delaying this process of decline.
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PMID:The effect of weight change on nursing care facility admission in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup Survey. 1450 77

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of 24 hours of starvation on lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in various depots of white and brown adipose tissues in control rats and in rats with two different degrees of overweight, both induced by dietary treatment. In control rats, no changes in LPL immunoreactive mass were observed in either white or brown adipose tissues after fasting, whereas the effects of food deprivation on enzyme activity were opposite in white versus brown adipose tissues. The LPL activity response to fasting was impaired by obesity: White adipose depots of cafeteria obese rats showed a lower ability to downregulate LPL during fasting and the increased LPL activity induced by fasting in brown adipose depots was less intense in the obese rats compared with control animals. When the degree of overweight was reduced, the differences between obese and control rats were also attenuated.
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PMID:Effects of fasting on lipoprotein lipase activity in different depots of white and brown adipose tissues in diet-induced overweight rats. 1553 56


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