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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The different dietetic measures for weight reduction are described. According to the existing overweight the therapeutic measures are classified in four steps. In the first step, with low overweight, the energy-containing drinks (soft drinks and alcoholic beverages) are avoided. If the overweight is greater an additional reduction of the energy content of meal is required. A real reduction-diet (less than 1.000 Kcal/day or 4.200 KJ/day) demands extensive knowledge of food composition and greater efforts in meal composition. The availability of formula diets is considered as a relief. During starvation (or total fasting) as the step 4 of weight reduction diet, an extreme metabolic alteration takes place, which is characterized by ketosis. The same metabolic alteration is found by a fat-protein-diet (a so-called ketogenic diet), where hypercholesterolemia and hyperuricemia are common side effects. The carbohydrate-protein weight reduction diet is poor in health risks. Furthermore the normal metabolic pattern is maintained during this kind of diet if enough carbohydrates are provided per day (i.e. 80-100 g/day).
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PMID:[Possibilities for weight reduction by means of diet]. 48 76

The tendency of some obese subjects to an energy-sparing reaction can be induced temporarily by attempts of the patient to reduce his overweight by prolonged starvation. This regulatory reaction may be induced by regulatory especially thyroid mechanisms. In obesity of both sexes a tendency to anaerobic energy utilization in the muscle can be revealed and so a tendency to decrease energy utilization in general. The differences in insulinemia (IRI) displayed a prevalence of maternal obesity in the group with higher levels of basal and stimulated IRI values, which decline after changes in diet and body weight. This behavior of IRI levels and amount and composition of diet indicate a possible permissive role of previous food consumption habits.
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PMID:Some recent findings in obesity. 62 37

More than 6000 parameters were collected during a 21-day period of starvation in 51 obese patients aged 17 to 65 years and stored as data bank on a CDC CYBER 74 at the calculating centre of the University of Technology in Vienna. Samples for multiple linear regression were obtained on the basis of various selective criteria. The essential results of this analysis are the depression of plasma viscosity, which correlates positively with the decrease in blood lipids and the reduction of overweight, as well as the unexpected increase in whole blood viscosity. The latter can probably be explained by an altered erythrocytic fluidity due to the metabolic changes which take place during a longer period of starvation.
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PMID:[Changes in plasma and whole blood viscosity during starvation (author's transl)]. 106 14

In subjects of ideal weight (7 males and 7 females) total whole blood ketones and breath acetone were determined during a 6 day fast, and in obese subjects (8 males, 18 females) during 6-28 days of fasting. Development of starvation ketosis was significantly slower in overweight than in normal weight subjects. Breath acetone concentration was up to blood ketone levels of 4 mMol/1 a linear function of the blood ketone concentration, beyond that level, however, an additional exponential component became apparent. The highest acetone elimination found was 4.46 mg/min, corresponding to 6.4 g acetone and 11.2 g acetoacetic acid in 24 hours. Hence the decarboxylation of acetoacetic acid to acetone may be an additional mechanism for the lowering of ketoacidosis in starvation.
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PMID:[Breath acetone and ketonemia in normal- and overweight subjects during total fasting (author's transl)]. 116 85

Obesity is characterized by a high risk for glucose intolerance and cardiovascular disease. Since magnesium deficiency or depletion have often been associated with both pathologies, is of interest to study magnesium status in severely obese subjects before any form of treatment. Negative magnesium balances have been described in overweight persons submitted to total starvation, hypocaloric diets, and obesity surgery. For this reason 80 non-diabetic obese men and 118 age-matched obese women were studied. Serum and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations were significantly higher in the male population but the mean values were not suggestive of a magnesium deficit before any form of treatment was started. Since metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular risk are greater in patients with upper body fat distribution (UBFD) both sexes were subdivided according to "waist-to-hip" circumference ratio. No difference could be shown in the obese men but in women, UBFD subjects showed higher basal insulin levels and increased erythrocyte magnesium concentration as compared to those with classical gynoid fat distribution. A 75 g oral glucose tolerance test enabled the subjects to be subdivided into those with normal or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). The IGT group in both sexes was older and more obese. Mean values of serum magnesium and erythrocyte magnesium were not decreased despite the more pronounced insulin resistance in the IGT group. However a significant negative correlation was found between fasting blood sugar/insulinaemia and erythrocyte magnesium, showing that this middle-aged obese population can maintain normal circulating levels of magnesium, in contrast to type II diabetics or older subjects where for other reasons (urinary losses or decreased intake) magnesium status is interfered with.
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PMID:Magnesium and obesity: influence of gender, glucose tolerance, and body fat distribution on circulating magnesium concentrations. 146 56

A total of 365 donor hepatectomies performed between May 1985 and March 1990 were reviewed and analyzed retrospectively to identify risk factors associated with poor graft function and to study the outcome of grafts retrieved from "marginal" donors. The donor mean age was 27.1 years (8-69 years). Mean ICU donor stay was 2.7 days (range 0 to 18 days), and the mean ischemic time was 8.6 hr (range 3 to 22 hr). The pancreas was retrieved in 39 donors. Donor's weight above 100 kg was the only variable found to be associated with both significantly increased 3-month graft loss (P less than 0.01) and early hepatocellular damage--AST or ALT greater than 2000 U/ml, 1st day posttransplant (P less than 0.02). Prolonged stay in the ICU (greater than 3 days), although associated with a significantly increased rate of hepatocellular damage (P less than 0.05), did not affect early graft survival. A systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg despite the use of high-dose dopamine (greater than 15 micrograms/mg/min), but not each of these variables itself, was also associated with a significantly increase rate of hepatocellular damage (P less than 0.001). All other variables, including age greater than 50, ischemic time greater than 12 hr, combined liver-pancreas procurement, and liver function test abnormalities, did not affect the outcome. We conclude that extending our limits to accept donors of the higher age group and those who have moderately abnormal liver function tests or a prolonged ischemic time will not jeopardize our results. It is suggested to perform liver biopsy in overweight donors during the retrieval to prevent using grafts with severe fatty infiltration. It is hypothesized that hormonal changes, starvation, and increased risk to develop infection might jeopardize the outcome of grafts from donors with a prolonged ICU stay. Although 70% of the early hepatocellular injuries are reversible, the remaining 30% result in graft failure.
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PMID:The use of marginal donors for liver transplantation. A retrospective study of 365 liver donors. 173 33

Starvation and malnutrition are associated with low concentrations of plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). To evaluate the utility of IGF-I as a screening test for malnutrition, we compared plasma IGF-I concentrations with anthropometric measurements of nutritional status in 99 cancer patients. Forty-three percent of patients were overweight and 4 percent were underweight. Log IGF-I correlated negatively with body weight (r = -0.31, P = 0.002), midarm muscle area (MAMA) (r = -0.31, P = 0.001), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) (r = -0.24, P = 0.03) and body mass index (r = -0.31, P = 0.003). In males plasma IGF-I correlated with TSF but not MAMA; in females IGF-I correlated with MAMA but not TSF, suggestive of a sexual dimorphism between plasma IGF-I and indices of adiposity. We conclude that obesity was far more prevalent than undernutrition, and that plasma IGF-I correlated negatively with indices of adiposity in a gender specific fashion. Because IGF-I is significantly reduced in the obese as well as in the malnourished, measurements of plasma IGF-I are unlikely to be of adequate clinical specificity to serve as a useful screening test for subtle alterations in nutritional status.
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PMID:Effect of obesity on plasma insulin-like growth factor-I in cancer patients. 193 95

An exogenous acid load (NH4Cl) inhibits net ketoacid production in the first week of starvation and the fourth to eighth weeks of ketogenic dieting. To determine whether an acid load produced by amino acid metabolism can similarly modify ketosis, five overweight volunteers ingested methionine (H2SO4), NH4Cl, and NaCl (control), in varying order, each day for seven days during weeks 5 to 8 of hypocaloric ketogenic dieting. During days 5 to 7 of each phase, blood pH, bicarbonate, and pCO2 were stable but lower in the NH4Cl phase (7.32 +/- 0.02, 18.1 +/- 1.2 mmol/L, 35.8 +/- 1.4 mmHg) and the methionine phase (7.33 +/- 0.01, 17.1 +/- 0.9 mmol/L, 34.0 +/- 2.0 mmHg) than in the NaCl phase (7.38 +/- 0.01, 22.3 +/- 0.2 mmol/L, 37.6 +/- 1.6 mmHg), P less than .05. Over this period, blood acetoacetate concentration was lower during the methionine and NH4Cl phases than during NaCl, P less than .05. In addition blood beta-hydroxybutyrate and total ketone-body concentrations were lower in the methionine than NaCl phases, P less than .05. Urinary acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate excretion fell with both acid loads, P less than .05. Compared with control values, urinary total ketone excretion was suppressed by 67 +/- 10% in the NH4Cl and 89 +/- 3% in the methionine periods. When NaCl was ingested after either of the acid loads, urinary ketone excretion increased by 300% to 700%. Thus, methionine ingestion, which results in an acid challenge equivalent to that of a large protein load, has an impact on net ketoacid production similar to that of NH4Cl.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Impact of methionine on net ketoacid production in humans. 328 92

A novel model of nutritionally induced hypertension in the rat is described. Dietary obesity was produced by providing sweet milk in addition to regular chow, which elicited a 52% increase in caloric intake. Despite 54% greater body weight gain and 139% heavier retroperitoneal fat pads, 120 days of overfeeding failed to increase systolic pressure in the conscious state (125 +/- 8 vs. 121 +/- 4 mmHg in chow-fed controls) or mean arterial pressure under urethan anesthesia (71 +/- 4 vs. 63 +/- 3 mmHg). In contrast, mild hypertension developed in intermittantly fasted obese animals (a 21-mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure measured in the conscious state and a 16-mmHg increase in mean arterial pressure under anesthesia relative to chow-fed controls). The first 4-day supplemented fast was initiated 4 wk after the introduction of sweet milk, when the animals were 47 g overweight relative to chow-fed controls. Thereafter, 4 days of starvation were alternated with 2 wk of refeeding for a total of 4 cycles. A rapid fall in systolic blood pressure (12 +/- 2 mmHg at 2 days) accompanied the onset of supplemented fasting and was maintained thereafter (2.7 +/- 2.6 mmHg further decrease during the latter half of the fast). With refeeding, blood pressure rose precipitously (13 +/- 3 mmHg in the 1st 2 days), despite poststarvation anorexia. Blood pressure tended to rise slightly over the remainder of the realimentation period (5.2 +/- 2.8 mmHg). After the 4th supplemented fast, hypertension was sustained during 30 days of refeeding. Cumulative caloric intake in starved-refed rats fell within 2% of that in chow-fed controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Refeeding hypertension in dietary obesity. 333 69

Obesity, a well-known phenomenon in Western society, is frequently associated with cardiovascular and endocrine disease. Strokes, myocardial infarction, diabetes and hyperlipidemia are classical reasons for the high mortality and morbidity of overweight people. For this reason, intensive weight-reduction programs have been proposed: low-calorie diets, total starvation, drugs and even surgery. Total starvation and some low-calorie diets are, however, also associated with sudden death, most probably of cardiac origin. Experimental data from our laboratory show that total starvation is accompanied by a severe depletion of magnesium in myocardial tissue. Protein-sparing modified low-calorie diets, however, can protect against this mineral loss even if magnesium supplementation alone cannot obtain this goal. Applying these principles in overweight man show weight reduction without mineral loss or cardiac disturbance. Surgery with 'ileal bypass' procedures gives rise to severe hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia with tetany and spasmophilia. New procedures, derived from experimental surgery, are 'gastric bypass' and 'gastroplasty'. These methods, only applied in very obese patients (body mass index greater than 40, normal 23-27) show no change in mineral concentrations of calcium and magnesium and no clinical symptoms suggestive for mineral loss. A good, controlled weight-reduction program under strict medical surveillance can, in this way, offer new perspectives in the treatment of one of our most frequent 'culture-induced' diseases.
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PMID:Magnesium and obesity: effects of treatment on magnesium and other parameters. 382 Nov 74


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