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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Using a pre- and post-intervention method, this study evaluates the effects of verbal instructions and demonstration by the primary health-care nurses on knowledge, attitude and practice of home management of childhood diarrhoea by mothers in a rural area of Nigeria. Although the proportion of mothers that knew how to prepare and give oral rehydration therapy (ORT) increased significantly from 6.2 to 47.0%, few (9.5%) were practising it during subsequent episodes of diarrhoea. The use of starvation by the mothers also decreased significantly from 43.0 to 8.2% however the use of traditional medicines and medicines from chemists did not show any significant change. The beliefs that sugar worsens diarrhoea, that home-made ORT was not a medicine, and continued reliance of the mothers on traditional healers and medicine dealers for advice were factors constraining adoption of the ORT by the mothers. For effectiveness, therefore, the educational programmes of the nurses should also be directed at the traditional healers and the medicine dealers.
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PMID:Effectiveness of primary health-care nurses in the promotion of oral rehydration therapy in a rural area of Nigeria. 322 25

Five hundred million attacks of diarrhoea occur each year in children under 5 years of age, throughout the world, and acute gastroenteritis remains a frequent cause of admission to hospital in the United Kingdom. Current practice in the treatment of diarrhoeal dehydration in the UK is focused upon intravenous rehydration. Drugs (eg antibiotics, anti-emetics, anti-diarrhoeal agents and absorbents) are commonly prescribed, and 'therapeutic' starvation, followed by cautious reintroduction of diet, is recommended. Studies conducted by health workers in developing countries have challenged these dogma. Whilst intravenous rehydration is occasionally required (eg. in shock, ileus or coma) the majority of episodes of dehydration can be treated orally. Oral rehydration is less unpleasant than intravenous infusion, safer, quicker, cheaper and readily administered by parents with nursing supervision. Recovery may be hastened by continuing to breast feed and offer normal diet, and weight loss is minimized. These principles are being applied in pilot studies at The Children's Hospital, Birmingham. Outpatient treatment is largely supervised by trained paediatric nurses, after initial medical assessment of the child. Nurses are becoming more confident in the technique of oral rehydration, coupled with early reintroduction of food. This is reflected in less discomfort and weight loss for the child, less parental anxiety, decreased length of hospital stay, and financial savings.
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PMID:Recent advances in the care of children with acute diarrhoea: giving responsibility to the nurse and parents. 364 45

1 of 4 mothers in 11 villages in a plain, lowland swampy area of south Sumatra was interviewed in September 1984 concerning practices in managing diarrhea in the past and any diarrheal attack which had occurred during the last 2 weeks in their children under age 5. There were 140 children suffering with diarrhea during that period. There were 954 mothers interviewed. Nurses were the main providers of diarrheal disease care in the area. Of 140 cases, 35 (25%) were self-treated, 72 were aided by healthworkers, and 60.7% received treatment from nurses in private practice. Decocts was the main medicine used by the family and traditional healer. Most of the health workers gave the injections, all of them prescribed drugs, and 49.2% practiced oral rehydration therapy (ORT). 35.6% of the mothers had known about ORT and 26.5% used this method. Of the 35 self-treated cases, 17.1% were given ORS. Gradual semi-starvation was not the common practice in the area. Breastfeeding was stopped during the diarrheal attack in 14.1% of the cases, while 37.6% stopped formula feeding and 9.1% stopped the weaning diet. The appreciation of the healthworker toward ORT was satisfactory but it may be that these workers were still occupied with the "fixed idea" of stopping diarrhea as soon as possible. Thus they were more likely to overuse drugs and the diet regimen. Clearly then there is a great neat to train healthworkers, especially nurses, to understand the more comprehensive management of diarrheal diseases.
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PMID:Community practices in managing diarrhoeal diseases in a rural area of South Sumatra, Indonesia. 380 36

A controlled study was conducted comparing the standard method of treating hospitalized infants with acute diarrhea (limited starvation) with the initiation of "early feeding" using a soy-based, lactose-free formula in infants of an American Indian tribe 12 months of age or younger. Forty-three patients, randomly assigned to group A, were given a soy-based, lactose-free formula four hours after hospitalization, and 44 patients, randomly assigned to group B, received standard therapy (food was withheld for the first 48 hours of hospitalization). After the first 48 hours, the same soy-based, lactose-free formula was given to the group B patients. Fluid intake and output of stool, urine, and vomitus were measured until the diarrhea resolved. Overall, group A patients showed less mean stool output (121 +/- 129 (SD) mL/kg) than group B patients (299 +/- 319 mL/kg) (P less than .001). Furthermore, the duration of illness was significantly shorter in group A patients (54 +/- 28 hours v 93 +/- 56 hours) (P less than .001). It was concluded that soy-based, lactose-free formulas can be safely used during the acute phase of diarrheal illness in infants and that their use shortens the duration of illness and decreases stool output in comparison with standard therapy.
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PMID:Role of soy-based, lactose-free formula during treatment of acute diarrhea. 402 2

In a prospective controlled clinical trial, 70 patients with normal gastrointestinal function were randomised to receive either an elemental diet based on Vivonex HN or an isonitrogenous isocalorie polymeric diet based on Clinifeed 400, administered by continuous 24 hour nasogastric infusion. The two groups of patients were well matched for age, sex, diagnosis, prior starvation, duration of feeding, initial nutritional status, and metabolic status. Nitrogen losses were significantly less on the polymeric feed, despite similar intakes. Serum transferrin rose significantly (1.85 +/- 0.2 to 2.30 +/- 0.2 g/l, p less than 0.05) only in the Clinifeed group, but nutritional parameters were otherwise maintained in both groups. The incidence of diarrhoea (Vivonex, 23.5%; Clinifeed, 30.6%) was not significantly different and was attributable to antibiotics in most cases. Hypokalaemia, which occurred in nearly half the patients, was equally distributed in the two groups, but hypophosphataemia occurred more often in the Vivonex group (p less than 0.05). Liver enzyme disturbances were similar in both groups. The present findings, therefore, provide no evidence that chemically defined 'elemental' diets containing free amino acids as their nitrogen source are in any way superior to polymeric diets containing whole protein and fat when administered to patients with normal gastrointestinal function.
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PMID:Comparison of an elemental and polymeric enteral diet in patients with normal gastrointestinal function. 640 Dec 57

Insights gained by a group of American maternal and child helath (MCH) care nurses during a 1983 exchange tour to Kenya, sponsored by Professional Seminar Counsultants, are decribed. Kenya is a poor, predominantly rural country. The annual population growth rate is 4.1%, and 60% of the population is under the age of 16. The government's annual per capita health expenditure is only US$4, there is little emphasis on pediatrics as a speciality, and the linguistic diversity of the population complicates the delivery of health care services. As a result of these factors, the MCH care system in Kenya differed markedly from the systems observed in previous exchange tours to China and the USSR. Kenya's population is served by a variety of government, private, and missionary hospitals and by government health centers. The health centers are staffed by 2 nurses and 2 assistants who provide maternity, family planning, and immunization services. The staff also diagnoses and treats common illnesses. Service are provided free for patients under the age of 16, and minimal fees are collected from older patients. The largest hospital in the country is the 1600 bed, Joma Kenyatta National hospital which employs 900 nurses and serves as a refereal hospital for complicated cases and as a teaching and research center. 42% of the hospital staff nurses are registered nurses and 58% are enrolled nurses. Disease patterns in Kenya and the US are markedly different. In Kenya, infectious diseases are more common than chronic diseases, and amony children the major causes of death are starvation, measles, whooping cough, malaria, tubercluosis, and diarrhea. Marasmus and protein calorie deficiency are the 2 major types of childhood malnutrition found in Kenya. Nurses frequently provide health education services and even teach mothers how to grow nutritious foods for their children. Rh incompatibility is rare in Kenya, but ABO incompatibility is common. Othr common diseases, raraly found in temperate climates, include Burkitt's lymphoma, leprosy, and tropical ataxic neuropathies. The visiting nurses were at 1st shocked by some of the practices and customs they observed; however, as they learned more about the rationall behind these practices, shock gave way to appreciation. Children's wards lacked playthings, the walls were devoid of pictures, and the rooms were sparsely furnished. The lack of material items, however, was more than compensated for by the rich stimuli provided family members and friends, who not only visited the chilren, but performed a variety of nursing tasks. The family centered approach also provided a sense of security for the patients. A Masai paramedic explained how the custom of polygamy ensures adherence to the 2-year postpartum sexual taboo which, in turn, facilitates prolonged breast feeding. The nurses also became acquainted with the social value of adolescent circumcision rites. These rites are illegal but still performed in many rural areas. The rites are physically painful, but they provide a mechanism for easing the transition from adolescent to adult status. The rites help young people assume measningful roles in the society and provide them with clearly specified identities. As a result, adolescent suicide is rara among the rural villagers.
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PMID:Health care in Africa. 646 42

Tens of thousands of Cambodian refugees are entering Thailand. Many of the new arrivals are survivors of months of starvation and are critically ill with marasmus, kwashiorkor, beriberi, anemia, malaria, diarrhea, and respiratory diseases. With volunteer medical help, field hospitals are treating patients under primitive conditions that are gradually improving. Based on experience at the Sa Kaeo refugee camp, a brief survey of the nutritional and other diseases likely to be encountered is given for the potential volunteer who may be unfamiliar with tropical medicine.
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PMID:Medical care of Cambodian refugees. 735 64

The search for a solitary cause of spiking mortality (so-called spiking mortality syndrome) among broiler chicks has been thwarted by the fact that multiple agents cause similar mortality histograms. In the present case report, we describe intralesional herpesvirus, reovirus-like virus particles, and bacteria in small and large intestines from chicks with a spiking mortality histogram, diarrhea, and enterotyphlitis. We attributed the spiking mortality histogram to starvation coupled with diarrhea.
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PMID:Intralesional herpesvirus, reovirus-like particles, and bacteria in a flock of broiler chicks with spiking mortality, diarrhea, and enterotyphlitis. 779 79

Colonic SCFA formation from fermentable carbohydrate is important for the maintenance of morphologic and functional integrity of the colonic epithelium. Carbohydrate-induced diarrhea occurs when the amount of carbohydrate entering the colon exceeds its fermentation capacity. Deficient availability or utilization of SCFA, mainly of n-butyrate, is the cause of diversion colitis and may play important roles in colonic carcinogenesis, in starvation and enterotoxigenic diarrhea, and in idiopathic UC.
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PMID:Colonic fermentation: metabolic and clinical implications. 786 76

The salvage function of the colon for absorption of unabsorbed sodium and water from the jejunum and ileum depends upon the metabolic integrity of colonic epithelial cells maintained by luminal short-chain fatty acids. With the depletion of luminal short-chain fatty acids under conditions of starvation, metabolic compensation from vascular substrates is incomplete. Loss of luminal short-chain fatty acids diminishes cell membrane integrity and causes secretion by colonic epithelial cells, leading to starvation diarrhea. Because sodium absorption is dependent upon CO2 production from n-butyrate, no compensatory absorption occurs during starvation. Under conditions in which luminal short-chain fatty acids are depleted, dietary fiber is useful as a low osmolality food constituent and for renewal of short-chain fatty acid levels by bacterial fermentation. The "antisecretory" effect of dietary fiber depends on the degree of the preexisting depletion of short-chain fatty acids and the methodology used to assess absorptive function. Dietary fiber has not been found harmful in refeeding starvation victims for whom it is an essential food constituent.
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PMID:Famine, fiber, fatty acids, and failed colonic absorption: does fiber fermentation ameliorate diarrhea? 816 1


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