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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To determine the respective part of modifications of glucose appearance and disappearance rates in the hypoglycemic action of a compound (B 827-33) inhibiting carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT I), we measured glucose kinetics ([6,6(2)H2]glucose) in normal and diabetic (streptozocin) rats before and after injection of either saline or B 827-33. Studies were initiated 4 hours (postabsorptive groups) and 24 hours (fasted groups) after food withdrawal. In all groups, there was evidence of inhibition of fatty acids oxidation (sharp decrease of ketone bodies [KB] and increase of plasma nonesterified fatty acids [NEFA]) after B 827-33 injection. Glucose levels decreased also in all groups after B 827-33 administration, the decrease being more important in starved than in postabsorptive groups and, whatever the nutritional status, in diabetic than in normal rats. In all groups, the evolution of plasma insulin was comparable after saline or B 827-33 injection. The mechanisms responsible for the decrease in glucose levels appeared dependent on the nutritional status. In postabsorptive normal and diabetic rats, compared with saline-injected rats, we observed a moderate inhibitory action (P less than .05) of B 827-33 on glucose production without stimulation of glucose utilization rate. After 24 hours of starvation, the decrease in glucose levels of normal rats was entirely due to a stimulation of glucose utilization (P less than .05), whereas glucose production was unexpectedly increased (P less than .05) above values of saline-injected rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Mechanisms of the glucose lowering effect of a carnitine palmitoyl transferase inhibitor in normal and diabetic rats. 201 Oct 84

Plaice were maintained in the aquarium (11-12 degrees C) during May for 15 days without feeding. Within 48 hr, there was a decline in serum total lipids (P less than 0.001), phospholipids (P less than 0.01), triglycerides (P less than 0.001), cortisol (P less than 0.01) and glucose (P less than 0.001), but an increase in nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA; P less than 0.01). There was a significant inverse correlation between NEFA and glucose over 15 days (P less than 0.001) and between NEFA and cortisol over the first 5 days (P less than 0.01). Cortisol and glucose showed a significant correlation over 15 days (P less than 0.01). Serum cortisol and glucose were not apparently affected by starvation. Only cortisol provided a sensitive indicator of aquarium disturbance. Exposure of the fish to agitation or reduced O2 for 1 hr significantly elevated cortisol (P less than 0.001) but only the latter treatment elevated glucose (P less than 0.01); neither treatment affected the lipids.
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PMID:Serum cortisol, glucose and lipids in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) exposed to starvation and aquarium stress. 287 29

Changes in lipolysis was monitored by measuring the release of non-esterified fatty acids and glycerol under basal conditions and after stimulation with L-noradrenaline in rat adipose tissue in the course of continuous irradiation with daily gamma exposure doses of 0.57 Gy (60R) for 50 days. As compared with the control animals, lipolysis in the irradiated rats was lower on days 3-14, and higher on day 21-25-32 and at the end of the screening period (day 50) of continuous irradiation. The changes in lipolysis in the course of irradiation reflected individual stages of the general adaptation syndrome (Selye 1950). Many changes were modified by the effect of non-specific factors due to the experimental field and the starvation prior to the analysis. Changes in lipolysis were connected with changes in the mobilization of fatty acids and the concentrations of NEFA in white adipose tissue with changes in serum lipids predominantly in the period of 21-25 days of continuous irradiation.
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PMID:Changes in lipolysis in rat adipose tissue during continuous irradiation. 741 24

The fuel selection of muscle fibres at rest is dependent on substrate availability. Increased lipid availability results in an increase citrate concentration with inhibition of glycolysis. Fat utilization also increases the concentration ratio acetyl-CoA:CoASH, with inhibition of PDH transformation to the active form. The result is an inhibition of carbohydrate utilization in conformity with the classical glucose-fatty acid style. During exercise fuel selection is dependent on the intensity of exercise, the recruitment pattern of fibre type and the availability of fuels. During exercise at maximum intensity the main fuels are PCr and muscle glycogen, the highest energy release occurring with type II fibres. At exercise intensities between 70 and 100% VO2max carbohydrate is the main fuel after the intake of normal mixed or carbohydrate-rich diets. No inhibition of PDHa formation was observed by increased concentration ratio acetyl-CoA:CoASH during the exercise, but the activation and transport of fatty-acyl groups from NEFA may be inhibited by a decrease in the concentration of CoASH. This mechanism may limit the contribution of fat to metabolism during exercise at intensities above 60% VO2max, after an intake of carbohydrate-rich diets. After carbohydrate starvation or an infusion of a fat emulsion, there was a substantial increase in the utilization of fat which, after the infusion, was concomitant with a high PDHa and a high lactate production. This is thought to be due to a decrease in glycolysis and in the catalytic activity of PDHa, especially in type I fibres, while lactate production continues in type II fibres. When exercise intensities fall below 60% VO2max, fat becomes the dominant fuel during prolonged exercise. At the same time the recruitment pattern is shifted toward type I fibres which have the lowest activation threshold and the highest oxidative capacity.
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PMID:Fuel selection, muscle fibre. 756 45

The case of a woman of 27 affected by the Prader-Willi syndrome who underwent general anaesthesia for dental surgery is reported. The patient presented severe mental retardation, small stature, moderate muscular hypotonia, hyperphagia, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Premedication consisted of diazepam and atropine; anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with propofol, fentanyl and N2O; muscle paralysis was obtained with atracurium. A small glottis was observed at laryngoscopy so that a 6 mm cuffed tube was inserted. Surgery lasted 75 minutes; the patient recovered promptly a few minutes following the end of propofol infusion; no postoperative complication was recorded. As hypoglycemia can occur during and after surgery in the Prader-Willi syndrome, plasma samples for glucose, NEFA, insulin, cortisol, and growth hormone (GH) were collected prior to the induction of anaesthesia (A), 20 minutes after starting surgery (B), at the end of surgery (C), and 3 hours later (D). In spite of the infusion of glucose, hyperglycemia was observed just in C and D samples (A:77; B:88; C:245; D:279 mg/dl). Stable NEFA values, within the normal range, were observed (A:77; B:88; C:245; D:279 mg/dl) suggesting poor or absent lipolysis. Insulin decreased progressively during surgery (A:10.5; B:8.8; C:5.4; D:7.0 mU/L). Cortisol peaked in B (A:9.5; B:20.9; C:13.4; D:4.8 micrograms/dl), suggesting normal hypothalamic reactivity to the surgical stimulus. Finally very low GH levels were observed (A:0.04; B:0.07; C:0.06; D:0.09 ng/ml) suggesting GH deficiency, which had possibly affected the size of patient's glottis. Our data support the hypothesis that hypoglycemia in the Prader-Willi syndrome originates from inadequate lipolysis during starvation.
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PMID:[General anesthesia in Prader-Willi syndrome]. 910 80

We performed prospective study to determine whether the increase of calories with preoperative oral intake will prevent ketosis due to preoperative starvation in children receiving afternoon surgery. Twenty five children (aged 3 to 9 years) for elective minor surgery under general anesthesia with sevoflurane and nitrous oxide were divided into morning surgery group and afternoon surgery group, and the latter was divided into 2 groups according to calories contained in the clear fluid. The calorie of the clear fluid in the afternoon group P was 0.24 kcal.ml-1, and that in the afternoon group A was 0.48 kcal.ml-1. The calorie of the clear fluid in the morning group was 0.48 kcal. ml-1. The levels of blood glucose, blood ketone body, plasma free fatty acids (NEFA), insulin, glucagon and cortisol were measured before and during intravenous infusion in three groups. The urinary catecholamine excretion was measured in the urine collected from 18:00 on the day before operation day until the start of anesthesia. There were no significant differences in the levels of blood glucose, NEFA, insulin, glucagon, cortisol and urinary catecholamine excretion. But the level of blood ketone body only in the afternoon group P was significantly higher than that in the morning group. But the levels of NEFA before infusion were higher than average in 40-60 percent of patients of each group. These data suggest that the increasing preoperative calories with oral intake will prevent ketosis due to preoperative starvation in the afternoon group as well as in the morning group. But the short duration of starvation only can not prevent lipolysis completely.
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PMID:[The effect of calories of preoperative oral intake on the glucose metabolic response in children]. 1033 32

Since during pregnancy the mother switches from an anabolic to a catabolic condition, the present study was addressed to determine the effect of 48 h food deprivation on days 7, 14 and 20 of pregnancy in the rat as compared to age matched virgin controls. Body weight, free of conceptus, decreased with food deprivation more in pregnant than in virgin rats, with fetal weight (day 20) also diminishing with maternal starvation. The decline of plasma glucose with food deprivation was greatest in 20 day pregnant rats. Insulin was highest in fed 14 day pregnant rats, and declined with food deprivation in all the groups, the effect being not significant in 7-day pregnant rats. Food deprivation increased plasma glycerol only in virgin and 20 day pregnant rats. Plasma NEFA and 3-hydroxybutyrate increased with food deprivation in all groups, the effect being highest in 20 day pregnant rats. Food deprivation decreased plasma triacylglycerols in 14 day pregnant rats but increased in 20 day pregnant rats. In 20-day fetuses, plasma levels of glucose, NEFA and triacylglycerols were lower than in their mothers when fed, and food deprivation caused a further decline in plasma glucose, whereas both NEFA and 3-hydroxybutyrate increased. Liver triacylglycerols concentration did not differ among the groups when fed, whereas food deprivation caused an increase in all pregnant rats and fetuses, the effect being highest in 20-day pregnant rats. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in adipose tissue was lower in 20 day pregnant rats than in any of the other groups when fed, and it decreased in all the groups with food deprivation, whereas in liver it was very low in all groups when fed and increased with food deprivation only in 20 day pregnant rats. A significant increase in liver LPL was found with food deprivation in 20 day fetuses, reaching higher values than their mothers. Thus, the response to food deprivation varies with the time of pregnancy, being lowest at mid pregnancy and greatest at late pregnancy, and although fetuses respond in the same direction as their mothers, they show a specific response in liver LPL activity.
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PMID:Differential metabolic response to 48 h food deprivation at different periods of pregnancy in the rat. 1243 82

Objectives of this study were to determine whether feeding high-linoleic safflower seed to gestating ewes increases cold tolerance and survival in lambs, and whether brown adipose tissue (BAT) stores in lambs are affected by prepartum safflower seed supplementation. In Trial 1, 234 gestating ewes (122 in yr 1 and 112 in yr 2; 75.5 and 81.2 +/- 0.6 kg initial BW for yr 1 and 2, respectively) were allotted randomly to one of two dietary treatments (four pens*treatment(-1)*yr(-1)). Ewes were fed alfalfa-based diets containing (DM basis) either 2.8 (LF) or 5.7% (HF) dietary fat beginning 55 (yr 1) and 42 (yr 2) +/- 1 d prepartum. In Trial 2, 40 Rambouillet cross ewes gestating twins (82.9 +/- 1.7 kg BW) were used in 2 yr (20/yr) and were fed diets containing (DM basis) either 1.9 (LF) or 4.9% (HF) dietary fat beginning 53.4 +/- 1.4 d prepartum. The basal diet was 37.5% each of grass and alfalfa hays and 25% corn silage (DM basis). Cracked safflower seeds (18% CP, 32% fat, 25.6% linoleic acid; DM basis) were used as the supplement in HF, whereas safflower meal and corn were used as the supplement in LF for both trials. At parturition, one lamb from each ewe was selected randomly for slaughter. Perirenal (PR) and pericardial (PC) BAT was excised and weighed, and the carcass was frozen for compositional analysis. In Trial 1, more lambs from HF 0.03; 15.4 vs. 5.8 +/- 2.8%), and dams survived (P = 0.03; 88.4 vs. 78.3 +/- 2.9%), fewer died due to starvation (P = there was a tendency for fewer to die due to pneumonia (P = 0.07; 0.0 vs. 1.7 +/- 0.6%). Ewes fed HF tended to wean more lambs per ewe (P = 0.09; 1.4 vs. 1.2 +/- 0.06) but had similar lamb weight weaned per ewe (P = 0.51; 23.1 +/- 1.22 kg). In Trial 2, prepartum ewe plasma NEFA and glucose concentrations increased with advancing gestation (P < 0.001). Lamb rectal temperature tended (P = 0.08) to be higher in LF lambs and tended (P = 0.06) to increase following parturition. Perirenal BAT weight did not differ among treatments (33.01 +/- 1.66 g; P = 0.28; 0.62 +/- 0.30% BW; P = 0.60). Lambs from LF dams tended (P = 0.08) to have greater PC BAT weight; however, the effect was not significant when expressed as a percentage of BW (0.13 +/- 0.007; P = 0.98). High-linoleic safflower seeds fed during the last 45 d of gestation may be beneficial in improving lamb survivability. Our data do not indicate this response was a result of increased BAT stores. More research is necessary to determine mechanisms that enhance lamb survival when high-linoleic saf-flower seed is fed during gestation.
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PMID:High linoleic acid safflower seed supplementation for gestating ewes: effects on ewe performance, lamb survival, and brown fat stores. 1553 87

Nesfatin/nucleobindin 2 (NUCB2) is expressed in the appetite-control hypothalamic nuclei and brainstem nuclei. Nesfatin/NUCB2 expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus was modulated by starvation and refeeding. Intracerebroventricular administration of nesfatin-1 dose-dependently inhibited food intake for 6 hours in male Wistar and leptin resistant, Zucker fatty rats. Intraperitoneal administration of nesfatin-1 and its mid-segment (M30) dosedependentlyinhibited food intake for 3 hours in male ICR mice. Intraperitoneal administration of M30 also decreased foodintake in leptin-resistant, genetically obese (ob/ob), diabetic (db/db) mice and mice fed a 45% high fat diet for 28 days. Intraperitoneal administration of M30 increased proopiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine- related peptide mRNA expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract of mice. In addition, intranasal administration of nesfatin-1 significantly inhibited food intake for 6 hours in male Wistar rats. We summarize recent observations about nesfatin-1, and attempt to present future direction of nesfatin-1 research for developing a new anti-obesity treatment.
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PMID:Nesfatin-1: an overview and future clinical application. 1946 Nov 59

The dual intervention point model states that body mass is controlled by upper and lower intervention points, above and below which animals (and humans) intervene physiologically to bring their body mass back into the acceptable range. It has been further suggested that the lower intervention point may be defined by the risk of starvation, while the upper intervention point may be defined by the risk of predation. The objective of the present study was to test whether the risk of starvation determines the lower intervention point and to examine the physiological and behavioral mechanisms that underpin the regulation of body mass, when the risk of starvation is increased. Sixty-four mice were exposed to random days of complete fasting or 50% food restriction and their body mass and fat mass responses were measured. Food intake, physical activity and body temperature were measured throughout the experiment. In addition, plasma leptin and insulin, triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acids, along with hypothalamic neuropeptides gene expression in the arcuate nucleus were assessed after 13 and 42 days of treatment. We found that C57BL/6J mice increased body mass and fatness in response to a short-term (13 days) intermittent fasting, which was restored to baseline as the treatment was prolonged. In contrast, intermittently 50% food restricted mice showed no significant changes in body mass or fatness. Over the first 13 days of treatment the data were consistent with the dual intervention point model as the mice showed both increased body mass and adiposity over this period. Over the more protracted period of 42 days the effect waned and was therefore inconsistent with the model. The body mass and fat mass gains in intermittently fasted mice were mainly accounted for by increased food intake. Elevated NPY gene expression after 13 days (three 24 h fasting events) may have driven the increase in food intake. However, no changes were observed in such neuropeptides as POMC, CART, AgRP, Ob-Rb and SOCS 3 or circulating levels of leptin, insulin, NEFA and TG. Hypothermia during fasting days may have also contributed to the increase in body mass. Over 42 days of treatment (nine 24 h fasting events) cumulative food intake was not affected by intermittent starvation. However physical activity, mainly activity during the light phase was lowered suggesting an adaptation to unpredictable starvation. Overall, mice exhibited different behavioral and physiological responses to intermittent starvation depending on the duration of treatment.
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PMID:Physiological and behavioral responses to intermittent starvation in C57BL/6J mice. 2190 22


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